Prologue



1. In the original Spanish editions the Prologue to Part 11 precedes the Dedi-
cation; and inasmuch as the same order is observed in the Novels (1613) and
the Comedies and Interludes (1614), it seems likely that this was also the order
followed in the manuscript. (Schevill)

2. The allusion here is to the spurious Second Part of the Don Quixote, pub-
lished in the autumn of 1614 and attributed on the title-page to Alonso
Fernandez de Avellaneda of Tordesillas. This work was licensed and printed
at Tarragona. For a lively account of the Avellaneda episode, the reader may
be referred to Tomas's The Life and Misadventures of Miguel de Cervantes,
pp. 226 ff.

3. A proverb.

4. Reference to the battle of Lepanto (1571) in which Cervantes was wounded.

5. One variety of envy is a mortal sin; the other consists in emulating the good
example of another.

6. Cervantes is referring to Lope de Vega, who received holy orders in the
spring of 1614, the title of "familiar of the Holy Office," or Inquisition, having
probably been bestowed upon him in 1608, or after the First Part of the Don
Quixote had appeared. The author's argument thus would not hold for Part
I. Avellaneda had accused him of attacking Lope from motives of envy.

7. Avellaneda had described the Exemplary Novels as" mas satiricas que ex-
emplar es, si bien no poco ingeniosas"

8. The word in Spanish is "podenco"--"a small greyhound." Ormsby renders this
by the British term "lurcher." Motteux wrongly has "spaniel."

9. Avellaneda: "Let him complain of my work because of the profits of which I
deprive him."

10. No entr ernes t or interlude, bearing this title is known to have been
printed, though it may have existed in manuscript form. (Schevill)

11. The VeintecuatroSy the Twenty-four, was the title given to the munici-
pal authorities, twenty-four in number, of Seville, Granada, and Cordova. (In
Lisbon, the Casa dos Vinte e quatro was the Court of Aldermen.)

12. A verse satire on the reign of Henry IV.



DEDICATION



13. Don Pedro Fernandez Ruiz de Castro y Osorio, seventh Count of Lemos, was
known as the patron of Cervantes, Lope de Vega, and other celebrated writers
of the period. In 1610 he was appointed Viceroy and Captain-General or Naples
and did not return to Spain until July 1616, about three months after Cervan-
tes' death. The interested reader may be referred to an article by Otis H.
Green, "The Literary Court or the Conde de Lemos at Naples, 1610-1616," in
the Hispanic Review, October 1933, pp. 290 ft. Despite the fact that he
lived until 1619, the Duke of Bejar to whom Part I is dedicated is not
mentioned again by Cervantes. Both patrons, as a matter of fact, disappoint-
ed the hopes of the poverty-ridden author of Don Quixote.

14. It is possible that the author's whimsy is based upon a historical inci-
dent reported to have occurred in the year 1612, when the Chinese monarch
is said to Jhave sent a letter to the Spanish crown, employing as messenger a
returning barefoot friar. (Fernandez Guerra, cited by Schevill.)



CHAPTER I



15. According to Clemencin, this popular phrase is derived from the game of
chess.

16. An antique coin worth around ten pesetas; as previously pointed out, the
dobla is not to be confused with the gold dobldn, or doubloon, worth twenty
pesetas.

17. This ballad has not been identified.

18. Ormsby:" Andar estaciones properly means to visit certain churches, for
the purpose of offering up the prayers required to obtain indiugences."

19. The knights mentioned here are prominent in the Spanish romances of chivalry
or in the pages of Ariosto and Boiardo. Turpin's Cosmography is a fictitious
work. (On Turpin, see Part I, Chapter vi and note 8.) It is Ariosto who traces
the descent of the Dukes of Ferrara from Ruggiero.

20. I follow the reading of the first edition, "no quiero quedar en mi casa ."
Some editions have the reading "me quiero which has been followed by earlier
translators. Ormsby: "And so I will stay where I am." Motteux: "I do design to
stay where I am." The "ptter" which introduces the following clause (" pues no
me saca el capellarr) probably should be" puesto which would make the meaning
clear. (That is, "even though" in place of "since.")

21. The original has" descubrir "discover." I adopt Schevill's emendation,
"describir."

22. In I Samuel 17:4, we read: "...Goliath of Gath, whose height was six
cubits and a span," that is, six and a half, not seven and a half, cubits,
or about nine feet, nine inches.

23. An account of the Sicilian bones is given in Antonio de Torquemada's
Jardin de Flores Raras o Curiosas. They are also mentioned in Haedo's Topo-
grafia de Argel.

24. Cervantes is referring to the Spanish version of Pulci's Morgante Mag -
giore, published at Valencia in 1533 under the title of Libro del Esforzado
Gigante Morgante.

25. Reference to Medoro's devotion to his master, Dardinel. As he knelt be-
side Dardinel's body, he received a wound of which Angelica cured him.

26. The author here misquotes a couplet from Ariosto: Orlando Furioso
xxx, 16.

27. The Andalusian poet is Luis Barahona de Soto, the Castilian is Lope de
Vega. The former was the author of a work known as La Primera Parte de la
Angelica, copies of which will be found in the library of the Hispanic Society
of New York and in the British Museum. (See Part I, Chapter vi and note 26.)
Copies of Lope's La Hermosura de Angelica are preserved in the National Li-
brary at Madrid and in the British Museum. This work formed the first part
of the poet's Rimas, printed at Madrid in 1602.

28. The text at this point is very confused and a number of emendations
have been suggested. 1 have followed Pellicer's reading:" fingidas, o [no]
fingidas ." Schevill suggests that in the manuscript there may possibly have
been some other verb in place of the second "fingidas."

29. As a matter of fact, the famous poet Gongora did write some satiric
verses on this theme, and Quevedo touches on the subject in a heroic poem
on Orlando's love and madness.



CHAPTER II



30. The word" ciudad" (city) is here employed in the sense of municipal gov-
ernment or council ( ayantamiento or cabildo). Schevill cites the Dictionary
of the Academy.

31. "...insulas ni insulos." For "island" Don Quixote always says "insula"
which is the form that occurs in the Amadis; but this highbrow term is too
much for the housekeeper and the niece, who are used to saying "isla."

32. The hidalgos (originally, "sons of somebody") were gentlemen by birth,
the Caballeros by station in life.

33. "Don" today is a universal form of address where Spanish is spoken, but in
Cervantes' time its use was restricted.

34. Literally, "two yokes" ( yugadas ), the yoke being the amount of land a
team of oxen could plow in a day.

35. There was a proverb:" Hidalgo honrado antes roto que remendado "--"An
honored gentleman goes ragged rather than patched."

36. Proverbial expression.

37. Proverbial expression.

38. In Spanish, "berenjenas"



CHAPTER III



39. Only one month is supposed to have elapsed since Don Quixote's return
from his wanderings, yet the story of his adventures has already been written
and printed and, as we are soon to be told, has been distributed to the extent
of some twelve thousand copies. Cervantes, however, is never concerned
with discrepancies of this sort, and on the present occasion explains the matter
away by having resort to the magician's art.

40. Compare what is said on this subject in Part I, Chapter ix.

41. That is to say, the bachelor was dressed in the garb of the secular clergy.
"Por el habito de San Pedro" was a proverbial exclamation. In the Catholic
Church the four minor orders of the clergy are Ostiarius, Lector, Exorcista,
and Acolytus.

42. There was no edition of the Don Quixote at Antwerp until 1673 and none
at Barcelona before 1617. Cervantes may have heard of the edition of Brussels of
1607. (Schevill)

43. Here and in the balance of the chapter Cervantes repeats the various
criticisms that were made of Part I.

44. That is, "the day is not yet over," or "life is yet young."

45. The play in the original is on "grama-' and "- tica ."

46. "Mezclar berzas con capochos" was a proverbial expression.

47. Compare Chapter lxxi following (note 19).

48. The Motteux version, as usual, substitutes "orthodox" for "Catholic."

49. The expression as it occurs in other Spanish authors is "De pajo o de
heno mi vientre lleno "--"With straw or hay I fill my belly."

50. "El Tostado" was Alfonso [Tostado Ribera] de Madrigal, Bishop of
Avila, who died in 1450. He is said to have left over sixty thousand written
pages, but his works have now been completely forgotten.

51. See the Epistles of Pliny the Younger, Book III; he attributes the
saying to his uncle, Pliny the Elder. This saying is again cited in Chapter
iix following.

52. "Worthy Homer sometimes nods." See Horace, Ars Poetica, 359:
"Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus."

53. "The number of fools is infinite." See the Vulgate, Ecclesiasticus 1:15.

54. See Part I, Chapter xxiii and note 2.

55. "...me pondra en la espina de Santa Lucia "--an expression meaning to
feel the pangs of hunger.

56. Literally, "do penance with him" --"hazer penitencia con el"



CHAPTER IV



57. See Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, xxvii, 84, and Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato,
11, 40.

58. Literally, "raise it a good span higher than what it is."

59. The word employed here is "ripio" a mixture of mortar and gravel for
filling the spaces between large stones.

60. It was St. George who aided Pedro I of Aragon to defeat the Moors, at the
battle of Alcoraz in 1096. The festival was in celebration of this event.

61. These oaths, "Body of me," "Body of the world," etc., are all milder forms
of swearing by the Sacrament (body of Christ). Compare the English expres-
sion" 'od's body."

62. The historic battle cry: "Santiago, y cierra Espana!"

63. A proverb: "Quando viene el bien, metelo en casa"

64. A proverb.

65. That is, "in the ditch."

66. Cervantes is, of course, being satirical here, but it is likely that he did
not have any particular poets in mind.

67. The decima was, properly, a ten-line stanza; the redondilla was a four-line
stanza, the last line rhyming with the first. Poetic acrostics were popular
in Cervantes' day.



CHAPTER V



68. A proverb.

69. A proverb.

70. That is, it is better to take someone you know, with all his faults.

71. See Matthew 27:17, 21; Mark 15: 1 x ; Luke 23:18.

72. Moliere has made use of this scene in Act III of Le Bourgeois Gentil-
homme. See "Notes on the Spanish Sources of Moliere," by Sylvanus Gris-
wold Morley, in Publications of the Modem Language Association of
America, XIX, 1904, pp. 270-89.

73. An inversion of the proverb "Laws go as kings like." See Part I, Chapter
xlv and note 2.

74. This would seem to be the sense of the word "pazpuerca" not "slut."
(Schevill)

75. In the original the proverb rhymes: "La muger honrada, la pierna quebrada
y en casa; y la donzella honesta, el hazer algo es su fiesta"

76. The Infanta Uracca was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Castile. Upon being
left out of her father's will, she threatened to enter upon a life of ill fame.

77. In Spanish, "almohadas."

78. Literally, "I will dress him up as fine as a palm branch"--"como un palrnito"



CHAPTER VI



79. It was necessary to see that neither of the combatants had the sun in his
eyes.

80. The sambenito was the garment worn by those who, having been tried by the
Inquisition, had confessed and repented. It was a yellow linen garment
painted over with devils and flames and was worn by the condemned as they
went to the stake.

81. The word "caballero" has a double meaning: knight and gentleman. In this
passage it apparently has the sense of gentleman.

82. The hidalgos.

83. These verses are from an elegy by the well-known poet Garcilaso de la Vega,
written on the death of the Duke of Alva's brother, Don Bernardino de Toledo.
(Elegia primera, verses 202-204.)



CHAPTER VII



84. A play on the double meaning of "ventura"--"good fortune" and a "ven-
ture" or "risk."

85. St. Apollonia, according to tradition, prayed to the Virgin for relief
from the toothache and her prayer was granted.

86. "No hay mas que bachillear"--the noun" bachiller" means either a bach-
elor of arts or a babbler or loquacious person.

87." Hablen cartas y callen barbas that is, where there is a written agree-
ment, words are unnecessary. Sancho here indulges, as he not infrequently
does, in a string of proverbs.

88." Quien destaja no baraja": prior to Ormsby, English translators had ren-
dered this proverb as "He who cuts does not shuffle." This is due to the fact
that both verbs have twofold meanings: "destajar" signifying, at once, "to con-
tract to do a job" and "to cut a deck of cards"; while "bar a jar" means "to
shuffle the cards" and, in old Spanish, "to wrangle."

89. Compare our saying "A bird in the hand...'

90. In the Spanish this is a rhyming couplet: "El consejo de la muger es
pocoJY el que no le toma es loco"

91. Literally, "you speak pearls today" --" que hablays oy de perlas"

92. "Tan presto se va el cordero como el carnero"--that is to say, "goes to
the butcher's."

93. These are all popular sayings.

94. More proverbs.

95. This is the reverse of the "bird in hand."

96. Ormsby observes that the truth of this saying "has always been recognized
by politicians, diplomatists, and agitators."

97. The original text mentions only the niece as entering at this point--ob-
viously an oversight on the part of author or printer.

98. Popular proverb.



CHAPTER VIII



99. The reference is to Garcilaso's Third Eclogue, verses 53 flf.

100. The Spanish text reads: "...deve de andar mi honra a coche aca, cin-
chado, y, como dicen, al estricote, aqui y alii, barriendo las calles ." The
phrase "a coche aca, cinchado" has been extensively discussed bv the commenta-
tors. "Literally, ‘pig, hog there!' A cry still used by the Manchegan swine-
herds." (Fitzmaurice-Kelly, note in his edition of Ormsby's translation.) Sche-
vill states that "coche aca" is the call used by the swineherd to drive away the
hog, while" cinchado" seems to apply rather to the ass, but that the meaning
is, simply, that Sancho's honor was being mishandled and dragged in the mud
(": maltratada, enlodada").

101. Schevill suggests that the work alluded to here may have been Vicente
Espinel's Satira contra las Damas de Sevilla.

102. This is the Pantheon, today known not as All Saints' but as the Tempio di
Santa Maria della Rotonda.

103. There is a word play in the Spanish: "cortesissrmo Cortes"

104 . Don Quixote appears to be speaking of the seven deadly sins.

105. "Julio" in Spanish means both "July" and "Julius."

106. According to Ormsby, the allusion is to San Diego de Alcala, canonized in
1588, and San Salvador de Orta, or San Pedro de Alcantara, canonized in 1562.

107. "Sucedio cosas que a cosas llegan."



CHAPTER IX



108. It is with these words that the old ballad of Conde Claros begins:" Media
noche era por filo ." "P or filo" is, literally, "on the line."

109. Not "descended from a hill," as in Motteux, where the word "monte" is
incorrectly rendered. The allusion is to the grove of oak trees mentioned at the
end of the preceding chapter.

110. "...a pierna tendida"

111. A proverb.

112. A proverb.

113. Beginning of a popular ballad of the Carolingian cycle which John Gib-
son Lockhart has translated. The quotation is given here in Lockhart's words.
For his version, see the Bohn Popular Library edition of the Motteux Don
Quixote, Vol. II, pp. 239-42.

114. For an English version of this ballad, "The Moor Calainos," see Lock-
hart, loc. cit., pp. 543-46.



CHAPTER X



115. These are two well-known proverbs. The first one, in Spanish, com-
monly reads: "La verdad adelgaza y no quiebra "--"The truth runs thin
I or fine] but does not break." The Italians say: "La veritd pud languire ma non
perire"--"Truth may languish but not perish." The second one occurs in two
forms: "La verdad siempre anda sobre la mentira como el aceite sobre el agua"
--"The truth always rises above a lie as oil above water"; and: "La verdad como
el olio siempre anda en somo"--"Truth like oil always floats on the top." The
Portuguese have the same saying: "A verdade e o aceite andao de cima"--"Truth
and oil rise to the top." (See Ormsby's list of proverbs.)

The sentences contained in this opening paragraph are transferred by Hart-
zenbusch to the beginning of Chapter xvn following, as he believes they more
properly belong there. Ormsby follows Hutzmbasch in this. "Ir would be ib-
sued," he says, "to call Don Quixotes simplicity in the matter of oancnos
mystification about the village girls, mad doings [locuras ] that go beyond
the maddest that can be conceived ; while the lion adventure described in
Chapter xvn is all through treated as his very maddest freak; one compared
with which, as Sancho says, all the rest were ‘cakes and fancy bread."'
However, it has seemed best to follow the first edition.

116. Three more proverbs. The one about the bacon and the pegs is mis-
quoted by Sancho; it runs: "Many think there is bacon where there are no
pegs"?' "Muchos piensan que bay tocinos donde no hay estacas"--i.e., no
pegs (in the smokehouse) on which to nang the bacon. Compare Part I, Chap-
ter xxv (note 5), and Chapters lv (note 17), lxv (note 3), and lxxhi
(note 10) - following.

117. These lines are from a popular ballad. "Con cartas y mensajeros"--
‘With letters and messengers."

118. The expression "let the bolt fall" is from a rhyming couplet: "Alla
daras Rayo/En casa de Tamayo"--"Fall there, O thunderbolt, on Tamayo's
house"--the implication being, not on mine.

119. A proverb. The meaning, of course, is to look for the impossible.

120. Salamanca was full of bachelors of arts. The sense of this expression and of
"trying to find Marica in Ravena" is to "look for a needle in a haystack."

121. "No con quien naces, / Sino con quien paces." Compare our proverbs:
"A man is known by the company he keeps" and "Birds of a feather flock to-
gether."

122. Ormsby: "i.e., the lists of bachelors qualified for degrees." Motteux: "As
they do professor's chairs, that everybody may know who they belong to."

123. Ormsby: "Ordinary brocade had only a triple border." Motteux: "All cloth
of gold above ten rows high." Jarvis: "All cloth of tissue above ten
hands deep."

124. In Spanish, Sancho says "cananeas" for "hananeas, ." I have adopted
Ortnsby's rendering.

125. These speeches of Sancho's may seem decidedly out of character,
but this is something of which the author is by no means unaware.
Cervantes was never too greatly concerned with the matter, and in Part II
there can be no doubt that he definitely intends to portray a certain
growth in character on the part of the squire as well as of the knight.
In this connection, see Chapter xn following and note 4. It is conceiv-
able that Sancho, who, however simple-minded he may appear at times,
is not dull-witted, may have picked up from his master a good deal of
the cant of chivalry and some of Don Quixote's flowery language.

126. This is addressed, not to the ass which the girl rides, but to Sancho.
(Shelton and Jarvis take it as applied to the ass.) The expression "Mas jo,
que te estrego, burra de mi suegro" (note the rhyme) is a popular one.

127. An obscure oath.

128. The first edition reads "Mucho sabeys, mucho podeys y mucho mas
hazeys"--"Great is your wisdom, great is your power, and greater yet your
deeds." But in place of" mucho mas hazeys modern editions read" mucho
mal hazeys"--"great the harm you do," a reading which has been followed here.

129. "...en a gall as alcomo querns." Ormsby: "into oak galls." Motteux:
"into gall nuts." Jarvis: "into cork galls."

130. The jineta was a saddle with high pommel and cantle and short stirrups.
The expression, to ride "a la jineta" has previously occurred.



CHAPTER XI



131. "...con voz no muy desmayada" Ormsby wrongly has: "in a weak and
faint voice." Motteux is better: "with more spirit than one would have ex-
pected."

132. In the original, this is a question: "quien la vtdo y la vee aora, iqual es
el coragon que no llora?" Another version is: "quien me vido y me ve aoras"
etc. ?"who saw me once . . ."

133. In other words, it did not resemble the type of cart or wagon that was com-
mon in central and southern Spain.

134. A Toledo dramatist and theatrical manager.

135. The interested reader may be referred to an article by Professor Craw-
ford, "The Devil As a Dramatic Figure in the Spanish Religious Drama before
Lope de Vega," in the Romanic Review, September-October 1910, pp. 302 ff.,
374 ff. See also Florence Whyte, The Dance of Death in Spain and Catalonia
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1931), particularly p. 145, It
is thought that this passage may have been inspired by one in the Amadis of
Gaul, II, XII.

136...compafiias reales y de titulo Motteux mistranslates: "especially if
they be of the king's players, or some of the nobles."

137. "Sopa de arroyo "--slang for pebbles.



CHAPTER XII



138. Compare our proverb: "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."
This refrain has previously occurred in Part I, Chapter xxxi (note 6); compare
Chapters xxxi and lxxi (note 24) following.

139. Literally, "in the comedy and intercourse of this world."

140. It may be of interest to compare Omar Khayyam:

Impotent pieces of the game he plays
Upon this checker-board of nights and days.
Hither and thither moves, and checks and slays.
And one by one back in the closet lays.

141. See Chapter x preceding, note 11. We have here a clear awareness on Cer-
vantes' part of the growth and deepening of Sancho's character. The squire
like his master is a larger person than the one we encounter in Part I.

142. The friendship of Nisus and Euryalus is celebrated in Vergil's Aeneid.
Pylades, friend and companion of Orestes, is mentioned by Pindar, Sopho-
cles, and other Greek writers.

143 . These lines are from a popular ballad included by Perez de Hita in the
Civil Wars of Granada ( Guerras Civiles de Granada).

144. "De amigo a amigo la chinche...The phrase "to have a bug in the eye"
--u tener chinche en el ojo"--means to keep a watchful eye out; here, the
sense is that one friend is wary of the other.

145. These are folklore references on Cervantes' part.

146. We have already had this proverbial expression in Chapters iv (note 7)
and xxx of Part I.

147. See Matthew 12:34, and Luke 6:45.

148. I follow the emendation of a number of editors who substitute "atentos "
for " atonitos which occurs in the first edition. It seems obvious from the
context that Don Quixote and Sancho were listening attentively rather than
"with astonishment."

149. Ormsby has an interesting note: "The pieces of verse introduced in the
Second Part are more or less burlesques, and sometimes, as here and in Chapter
xvin, imitations of the affected poetry of the day. The verses in the First Part
(except, of course, the commendatory verses, and those at the end of the last
chapter) are serious efforts, and evidently regarded by Cervantes with some
complacency. The difference is significant."

150. The Tartessians were the inhabitants of the old region known as Tarte-
side. Tartessus was an ancient maritime town under the Romans.

151. Lockhart draws attention to a similar scene in the Amadis of Gaul, II,
LXVI.

152. Proverbial expression that has occurred before.



CHAPTER XIII



153. In the title to Chapter xii, Cervantes refers to Don Quixote's new ac-
quaintance as the Knight of the Mirrors, but the significance of this appel-
lation does not become clear until Chapter xiv. Meanwhile, the newcomer is
referred to as the Knight of the Wood.

154. Genesis 3:19.

155. A proverb.

156. As has been seen, the fanega is equivalent to about 1.6 bushel.

157. Compare Part I, Chapter xx (note 3), and Chapter xxxvi (note 11) follow-
ing.

158. A proverb.

159. There is an untranslatable play here on the adjective "crudo," which
means both "raw" and "cruel."

160. Sancho means to say that his troubles never come singly. A prover-
bial expression.

161. Here again the author is deepening the motivation of Sancho's character.

162. The sense is "paltry" (Ofmsby's translation), not "fresh-water squires,"
as in Motteux. The expression "de agua y land " is the opposite of the one
applied to nobles and courtiers: "de gran estofa"--"of high quality."

163. That is, large, or close together, or both.

164. Ormsby: "Anyone who has ever watched a Spanish peasant with a bota
[flask] knows how graphic this is."

165. Ciudad Real was the chief city of La Mancha and center of a winegrow-
ing district, the best-known vintage being Valdepenas, to which Cervantes
in his plays and novels applies the epithet "El Catolico"--which will explain
Sancho's exclamation.

166. This is a popular tale which may have been translated by the Spaniards
from some other language. There are traces of it in the southeastern United
States. (Schevill) See Modern Language Notes, June 1905, p. 183. Cer-
vantes has used the same story in a slightly different form in one of his in-
terludes, The Election of the Judges of Deganzo ( Eleccidn de los Alcaldes de
Deganzo).



CHAPTER XIV



167. The "woman" is the enormous statue (of Faith according to some, of Victory
according to others) on top of the old Moorish belfry of the Cathedral of Sev-
ille.

168. Allusion to certain stone animal figures to be found at Guisando, Avila,
and elsewhere. They are said to resemble hippopotamuses rather than bulls.
The "Bulls" of Guisando are supposed to mark the site of one of Caesar's vic-
tories over the younger Pompey.

169. In the Sierra de Cabra, south of Cordova. It is thought that this may be
the shaft of an ancient mine.

170. These lines, incorrectly quoted, are from Alonso de Ercilla's famous
oem, the Araucana (1569-89), celerating the struggle of the Spaniards
with the indomitable Araucanian Indians of Chile (1, 2).

171. A proverb.

172. Reference to the fine imposed in some confraternities, the wax being for
use in churches.

173. According to the commentator Covarrubias, this proverbial expression is
derived from rabbit-hunting with the crossbow, the sense being, "let each
hunter look out for his own bolts.'

174. This proverb occurs several times. See Part II, xliii (note 17) and lxvii
( note 17).

175. The Italians have the proverb: "Gatto rinchiuso doventa leone.

176. "A esso vos respondemos" is the form employed by a monarch in response
to a petition.

177. The knobs or buttons to keep the spurs from going in too far.

178. A proverb.

179. The text of the first edition is somewhat jumbled here. At least one
editor would amend to read: "...without any doubt the bachelor Sanson Car-
rasco... is rash and ill advised." I have followed Hartzenbusch and Rod-
riguez Marin, whose reading is adopted by Schevill.



CHAPTER XV



180. This is a play on the proverb "Uno piensa el bayo, otro quien le ensilla
"The bay is of one mind, he who saddles him of another."

181. Proverbial expression.



CHAPTER XVI



182. Compare Chapter x preceding, where Don Quixote says: "The malign enchanter
who doth persecute me hath placed clouds and cataracts upon my eyes...." As
Schevill points out, Cervantes evidently forgot here what he had previously
written, as the two descriptions of Dulcinea do not correspond.

183. The greatcoat is the gabdn, worn for hunting and traveling, which had a
hood to cover the head. The cap is the montera of Central Spain, a headpiece
with flaps.

184. See Chapter x preceding and note 16.

185. The first edition has " caballo "--"horse" which is obviously out of place
in this description of Don Quixote's person. I have accordingly followed the
majority of editors, who read "cuello"--"neck." Ormsby reads "cabello n--"hair"
--which also seems inappropriate. Motteux: "the lankness of his horse"-, Jarvis:
"his lank horse."

186. These lines have previously been quoted, Part I, Chapter xlix.

187 . "...treynta mil vezes de millares. n Motteux has "thirty thousand
millions more"! Compare Chapter hi preceding, where it is stated that "more
than twelve thousand copies" were in existence.

188. . . mi atenuada flaqueza" Motteux: "my exhausted body."

189. For "perdigon"--"partridge"--Clemencfn reads "perdiguero"--"pointer."
But partridges were used as decoys in Andalusia.

190. Ormsby: "first saint in the saddle"; Motteux and Jarvis: "first saint on
horseback." It seems desirable to indicate the kind of saddle as the Spanish
does. A saint, for that matter, would have been more likely to ride a donkey
than a horse.

191. "...los modernos romancistas" --i.e., moderns who write in Spanish.
Motteux, who is even more inaccurate than usual in this chapter, has "modern
romancers."

192. Reference to the justas liter arias, which still lingered on in Cervantes'
time.

193. The saying was a popular one in the Renaissance era. Schevill cites Cac-
lius Rhodiganus (1450-1525): " Vulgo certe iactatur nasci poetam, oratorem
fieri"--"It is commonly said that the poet is bom, the orator made."

194. Ovid's beautiful line: "Est dens in nobis ; agitante calescimus illo "--
"There is a god in us, he stirs and we grow warm." (Fasti, vi, 5; compare the
third book of the De Arte Atnandi.)

195. Ovid was exiled to Pontus. The original reads: "islas de Ponto"--"isles
of Pontus"; the correction of "coast" or "shores" for "isles" was made by Clc-
mencin and Hartzenbusch.

196. The laurel tree.



CHAPTER XVII



197. With regard to the beginning of this chapter, see Chapter x preceding
and note 1.

198. " Hombre apercebido, medio combatido"--literally, "A man who is prepared
has his battle half fought." The Italian form of the proverb is nearer to
the English: "Chi e awisato e armato"

199. It has been remarked that lions coming from Oran would have been landed
at Cartagena, and so would not have been met by Don Quixote and his party on
the road to Saragossa.

200. On this knight, see Part I, Chapter xlix, note 2.

201. The " perrillo " or "little dog," was the trademark of Julian del Rei,
famous armorer of Toledo and Saragossa.

202. "...que sepan de tu boca esta hazana" Motteux has: "that they may
have an account of this exploit from my own mouth," which is not only a mis-
translation but does not make sense.

203. " Antecogidos del hidalgo Motteux: "at the head of them"; Jarvis: "at
their head."

204. The knights in the romances of chivalry frequently changed their names.
Knight of the Lions was one of the titles of Amadis of Gaul.

205. Variation of the proverb "Tanto se pierde por carta de was como por carta
de menos "--"As much is lost by a card too many as a card too few." Compare
Chapters xxxm (note 23), xxxvii (note 6), and lxxi (note 9) following.



CHAPTER XVIII



206. These are the opening lines of Garcilaso de la Vega's Tenth Sonnet.

207. "Borceguies"--half-boots or buskins.

208. Shelton's rendering is: "his shoes close on each side"; he reads "encer-
rados"--"closed"--in place of "enceradaos"--"waxed"--a reading which Lock-
hart prefers.

209. The shoulder strap or baldric was easier than a belt around the waist for
kidney sufferers.

210. There is a word play here which unfortunately cannot be brought over
in translation: "sus negros requesones que tan blanco pusieron a su amo"--
literally, "his black curds which made his master so white," the word "negro"
(black) having here the sense of unlucky, accursed, damnable.

211. Literally, "and take the pulse of what he knows" (i.e., of his wit).

212. Cervantes won a first prize in such a tournament at Saragossa in 1595.

213. The allusion is to a famous and legendary fifteenth-century swimmer
of Catania in Sicily, known as Pescecola, who according to the folk tale
was finally drowned in the pool of Charybdis when he was tempted by the
king to dive twice on the same day on the chance of bringing up a golden
cup. He was also known as "Nicolao the Fish." A work entitled Account
of How Nicolao the Fish Reappeared in the Sea, etc., was published at
Barcelona in 1608.

214. See Horace's Satires, 1, iii, 2-3.

Nunquam inducant animum cantare rogati,
Injussi nunquam desistant.

"When asked, they never can bring themselves
to sing; unasked, they never can desist."

215. The making of such glosses was a popular diversion with Spanish poets
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Ticknor traces the custom to
the poets of Provence, but Lope de Vega asserts that this was a Spanish
invention.

216. The poet in question was Linan de Riaza, who died in 1607. He was the
author of a satirical sonnet containing the verse: "laureado por Chipre y
por Gaeta" (Schevill)

217. This sonnet is seen as a caricature of the Gongora school.

218. Play on "poetas consumidos" and "poeta consumado" Fitzmaurice-Kelly
(notes to the Ormsby translation) observes that "the joke on 'consumidos'
and 'consumado' is not transferable," and this is doubtless true. The sense
of "consumidos" is probably "lean" or "emaciated." Ormsby thinks the word
may refer to the "genus irritabile vatum," and he renders it as "irritable,"
although a later edition has "lean poets." Fitzmaurice-Kelly: "It may be that
Cervantes uses the...word in its secondary sense of 'fretful.' "

219. See Chapter xxii following. The Cave of Montesinos is about six miles
from the hamlet of Ruidera, which is some fifteen miles southeast of Argama-
silla, amid the lakes where the waters of the Guadiana rise to flow down into
the plains of La Mancha.

220. Here, as previously in this chapter, Cervantes in the original changes
from the third person to the second (direct address) in the middle of a sen-
tence.

221. See Vergil's Aeneid, vi, 853: "parcere subjectis et debellare superbos."

222. The word "castle" employed in the title of this chapter appears to hold
out a promise, which is not fulfilled, of an adventure similar to those that
Don Quixote met with in Part I. What we have, instead, is an episode in keep-
ing with the more serious tone of Part II. Don Diego de Miranda is essentially
the kindly, well-meaning burgher and substantial citizen brought into contact
with Don Quixote the dreamer.



CHAPTER XIX



223. "Un poco de grana blanca." Motteux mistranslates: "what seemed to be
a little white grain"!

224. "Medias de cordellate"--grogram stockings.

225. The zapateadores do a kind of clog dance (the zapateado) s in the course
of which the dancer strikes the soles of his shoes with the palms of his hands.
The zapateado (sapateado) is also a Portuguese dance and occurs even in
the sertoes or northeastern backlands of Brazil; it is mentioned by Euclides da
Cunha.

226. A rhyming proverb: "Cada oveja con su pareja." The Portuguese also have it:
"Cada ovelha com sua parelha."

227. In connection with this defense of the right of parents to arrange marriages
for their children, compare Rabelais, Book III, Chapter xlviii (see The Portable
Rabelais, pp. 507 ff .).

228. Another "rain" of proverbs. The expression, "God will do better than that"--
"Dios lo hara mejor" was commonly used in predicting misfortune for oneself or
for another, (Rodriguez Marin)

229. Sayago was a district near the Portuguese frontier. The Castilian of Toledo
was the standard, as Tuscan was the model for Italians.

230. The old Moorish market place of Toledo.

231. The Cathedral cloisters were a favorite lounging place as a refuge from
the heat.

232. Majadahonda is a small village about six miles northwest of Madrid. (Cer-
vantes has "Mahalahonda," probably a printer's error.)

233. Rodriguez Marin remarks that this phrase, "por mis pecados" like "con
perdon" and "si no lo han por enojo" was greatly abused, being employed in
and out of season.

234. Parenthesis supplied.

235. Motteux mistranslates: "'As for turning my back,' said the artist, 'I won't
be obliged to it.' "

236. "Mas espesas que higado": the expression is not given in the Dictionary
of the Academy. According to Rodriguez Marin, it is a popular one, and Cejador
states: "Parece higado, esta como un higado, is said of thick chocolate."
Schevill: "May this phrase possibly have its origin in the fact that pigs and
ducks, after they have stuffed themselves with figs, have a liver that is very
much enlarged and thick?" (Translated from the Spanish note.) Ormsby: "thicker
than hops or hail." Motteux: "laid on like any lion "

237. The element of humorous exaggeration is not frequent in Cervantes as
it is in a Renaissance writer like Rabelais, for example, but it sometimes
does occur, as here. The same may be said of the pretense of exactness, like-
wise introduced occasionally with humorous intent.

238. "Diestros "--fencing experts.

239. To "fall off one's donkey"--"caer de su burro" is to admit that one has
been in the wrong.

240. That is, of course, all except Don Quixote and Sancho. Cervantes is never
meticulous about such details.

241. The place in question is referred to or to sometimes as a "village"
--"aldea" or "lugar"--or sometimes as a "town"--"pueblo"

242. The one who had not gone after the sword.



CHAPTER XX



243. Rodriguez Marin raises the question as to whether the entire episode of
Camacho's wedding may not be a reminiscence of an event that actually occur-
red at which Cervantes had been present or of which he had heard an account.
The records show that there was a Don Pedro Camacho de Villavicencio who
was known as "El Rico,' or the Rich," and who on August 15, 1507, drew up
a will that was remarkable for the amount of property of which it disposed.
(See Rodriguez Manns edition of Don Quixote, Vol. VI, p. 10.)--

244. The first edition has "duerme," an imperative form, followed by most trans-
lators, but I have adopted Schevill reading of "duermes" (indicative) as more in
consonance with the text^

245. The Spanish word is "juncos," which ordinarily means "rushes," but which
is here equivalent to "junquillos." (See Rodriguez Marin.)

246. A coin worth four copper maravedis, corresponding roughly to the British
farthing.

247. This expression has occurred twice before: Chapter in preceding and Part I,
Chapter xxx.

248. Hero of one of the Carolingian ballads.

249. There was a popular saying: "Singing and dancing do not make up a trous-
seau"--"Cantar y bailar no componen ajuar."

250. The wine here is measured by weight, the arroba amounting to 25.4 pounds.
In liquid measure, the quantity represented is between six and seven gallons.

251. The Spanish word is "Interes" which Ormsby renders as "Interest," Motteux
as "Wealth." "Worldly Wealth" seems a little nearer to the meaning.

252. This was the usual apparel of savages on the stage in Cervantes' time.

253. In a cockfight the winner was called "El Rey" or "the Cock."

254. "A la barba de las habilidades de Basilio!" There has been considerable
discussion as to the meaning of the phrase "a la barba" but it would seem
to apply to one who was "stuck" with paying for others. According to Rodri-
guez Marin, the expression is equivalent to "Pierda y pague Basilio..."
Ormsby: "A fig for the accomplishments of Basilio!" Motteux: "...a fig
for his abilities, say I." The French translator, Cardaillac, has: "...nargue
des talents de Basile!" Tieck: "Schade was urn Basilios Geschick-
lichkeiten!" (See Schevill.)

255. A proverb.

256. A proverb.

257. Literally, "people would rather take the pulse of having than of know-
ing." There is a Spanish popular song:

Mas vale saber que haber
Dice la comun sentencia ;
Que el sabio puede ser rico,
Y el rico no compra ciencia.

"Knowing is worth more than having, the common saying goes; for the wise
man may be rich but the rich man cannot purchase wisdom." (Rodriguez
Marin) Here, as frequently, Sancho reverses the proverb.

258. The allusion, of course, is to Horace's famous and beautiful lines
(Odes, I, iv, 13-14).

Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas regumque tunes.

Cervantes has quoted these lines in the Prologue to Part I.

259. I have followed the majority of editors since 1738, who supply a verb
here--"tuvieras"



CHAPTER XXI



260. The "patena " is a large medal, somewhat like a locket, that is worn
by country women.

261. Ormsby: "The richest ordinary velvet being three-pile." With regard
to the "palm-green" cloth that Quitcria wears, here as in the preceding
chapter ("dresses of palm-leaf green"), in my rendering of "palmilla"
I have followed Dr. Francisco del Rosal whose unpublished Vocabulario
is cited by Rodriguez Marin and who states that the term was originally
applied to cloth "de color verde claro, que es el de la hoja de la palma."
Govarrubias asserts that the palmilla was a pigeon-blue cloth manu-
factured especially at Cuenca (palmilla being equivalent to palomilla,
from paloma, a pigeon or dove), and he notes that there were also
green varieties (palmillas verdes) of this same cloth and that it is
possible that a palm was originally woven into the border of it.

262. "...que puede passar por los bancos de Flandes." This expression
has occasioned a great deal of discussion. It has commonly been taken as
referring to the shoals off the Flemish coast, a peril that was dreaded by
Spanish sailors. Others have seen an allusion to the monetary banks of
exchange of the Low Countries (Lope de Vega employs it in this sense).
Still others believe the reference is to the bancos upon which beds,
tables, etc., in the home were placed. See the extended notes by Rod-
riguez Marin and Schevill. The latter seems to sum the matter up when
he states: . . it appears that Sancho meant to say of Quiteria that, by
reason of her youth and beauty, her wealth, and other endowments (of
an up-and-coming lass) the young lady was in a position to brave the
perils of matrimony and the hazardous life of a married woman." (Tran-
slated from the Spanish note.)

263. But Don Quixote has never seen Dulcinea.

264. "Tenia ... el alma en los dientes"--literally, "had his soul in
his teeth."

265. A play on the expression "soul in his teeth" (see preceding note).
Literally, "had his soul on his tongue rather than in his teeth."

266. Similar episodes occur in other works of the time.

267. Matthew 19:6; Mark 10:9.

268. Motteux slurs this passage: "...Basil, whose virtues, in spite of
his poverty, had secured him many friends...

269. This may sound like a modernism, but it is absolutely literal:
"hombre de valor y de pelo en pecho."



CHAPTER XXII



270. Proverbs 12:4: "A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she
that maketh him ashamed is a rottenness in his bones." Compare Proverbs
31:10: "Who can find a virtuous woman--for her price is far above rubies."

271. This statement may be noted in view of Don Quixote's devotion to Dul-
cinea. Rodriguez Marin is inclined to think it the incoherence of a mad-
man, but it is just as likely that it is to be explained by Cervantes'
usual carelessness in such matters.

272. "A que quieres, boca."

273. The obviously missing adverb has been supplied.

274. A proverb.

275. For the Giralda of Seville, see Chapter xiv preceding and note 1. The
Angel of the Magdalena was a weathervane on the Church of the Magdalena
at Salamanca. The Vecinguerra Conduit was the sewer draining the Potro
quarter of Cordova (the quarter of the Horse Fountain; see Part I, Chapter
hi and note 1). On the Bulls of Guisando, see Chapter xiv preceding and
note 2. With the exception of Sierra Morena, the other names are those of
fountains in Madrid.

276. Virgilius Polydorus (Virgilio Polidoro) was an Italian historian, bornat
Urbino around 1470. He spent more than fifty years of his life in England,
where he rose to a high position in the ecclesiastical hierarchy. His most
important work is one on English history, Anglicae Historiae Libri XX VI y
published at Basel in 1534 (a copy exists in the British Museum). Among his
other works was one entitled De Inventoribus Rerum (On the Inventors of
Things). He died at Urbino in 1550.

277. Reference to syphilis and unctions of mercury.

278. In the sense of acrobat.

279. An old ballad line. Compare Cervantes' poetic address to his pen at the
end of the Don Quixote; see also the end of Chapter xxix (note 9), Chapter
xxxix (note 2), and the beginning of Chapter xu following.

280. A proverb.

281. Cervantes' word here is " sima a deep cavern, an abyss, or a chasm. The
possibility that this may have been an ancient mine shaft has already been
noted.

282. What Sancho means is the Virgin of the Rock of France (Pena de Francia).
The allusion is to a site between Salamanca and Ciudad Rodrigo where an image
of the Virgin was discovered in the fifteenth century; a Dominican monastery
was later erected on the spot.

283. The Trinity of Gaeta refers to a chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity
on the promontory of Gaeta, to the north of Naples.

284. Ormsby's rendering of "valenton del mundo " seems the best to be had.

285. Compare Psalms 102:11, 103:15, 109:23, 144:4; and Ecclesiastes 6:12. As
Calderon was to put it: "La yida es sueno y sueno de sueiio "--"Life is a
dre^m and a dream of a dream.

286. These are characters from the literature of chivalry. Montesinos is the
protagonist of the "Ballads of Montesinos." Durandarte was his cousin and
the brother of Count Dirlos (see Chapter xx preceding and note 6). Belerma
was Durandarte's lady, and Guadiana was his squire, transformed by Merlin
into the river of that name. The "daughters of Ruidera" are the Lakes
of Ruidera (see Chapter xvm preceding and note 14).



CHAPTER XXIII



287. Scholars have not been able to been able to identify this personage.

288. ^Merlin was Weish, though the Bretons tried to claim him. Malory in
his Morte d' Arthur calls him "a devil's son." Compare the verses in Chapter
XXXV following.

289. Covarrubias (Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana, under the word " Corazdn")
makes this observation: "Timorous animals have a proportionately larger
heart than others, animals such as the hare, the deer, the mouse, and similar
ones mentioned by Aristotle, lib. 3, De Partibus Animalium; and so, when we
say by way of praise that a man or animal has a great heart [great courage],
we do not mean that his heart is great in size but in ardor..." (Cited by
Schevill.)

290. According to Clemencin, Cervantes, copying from memory, has here mingled
and altered two old ballads, one of which begins:

O Belerma ! O Belerma!
Por mi mal fuiste engendrada.

"O Belerma! O Belerma! for my woe thou wert begotten." For the legend of
the heart, compare the French Roman du Chatelain de Couci and sec the ac-
count given by Gaston Paris, Histoire Litteraire de la France (Paris, 1890),
Vol. 28, pp. 252 If. A reminiscence of Orlando's sword, Durandal, or Duren-
dal, has been seen in the name Durandarte. Durandarte is also said to have
been the name of the sword carried by Bramante, who was slain by Charle-
magne at Toledo.

291. According to this passage, the number of the lakes was ten. In Chapter
xvin preceding, Cervantes speaks of "the seven lakes that are commonly known
as the Lakes of Ruidera." Clemencin says there are fifteen; other authorities
say eleven.

292. The two lakes ("nieces") are in the upper portion of the valley in question
where the province of Murcia and the former province of New Castile met.
They were within the domain of the Order of St. John.

293. The Guadiana flows underground for a part of its course. See Part I, Chap-
ter xvm and note 11.

294. A proverb.

295. A proverbial saying among card players.

296. A proverb.

297. For a slightly different version of this proverb, see Chapter x preceding
and note 7.

298. In the original there is a play here on "wW--"wine"--and "vtno--"he
came." Allusion to a ballad some lines of which have been given in Part I,
Chapter xm. For Quintanona, see Chapter xiii and note 1 .

299. Reference to the Fuggers of Bavaria. Founded by Johannes Fugger in the
fourteenth century, the family in the course of three hundred years came to
own some sixty estates. In the Renaissance era the Fuggers of Augsburg were
celebrated bankers and financiers. The reader may be referred to R. Ehren-
berg's Capital and Finance in the Age of the Renaissance: A Study of the Fug-
gers (London, 1928). Motteux: "if I had all the treasures which Croesus pos-
sessed."

300. See Part I, Chapter V and note 1.

301. The "seven parts of the world" was a familiar concept of the age. The
Infante Pedro was the second son of John I of Portugal and brother of Prince
Henry the Navigator. He traveled widely in Europe and the East between 1416
and 1428. An account of his voyages was published at Lisbon in 1554 and was
popular in Spain.



CHAPTER XXIV



302. See Catherine Perry Hargrave, A History of Playing Cards and a Bibli-
ography of Cards (Boston: Houghton MifHin, 1930).

303. A tribute in passing to Cervantes' patron, the Count of Lemos.

304. The text of the first edition is confused here, although what the author
wrote, or meant to write, is clear enough (Schevill thinks something may
have been dropped from the manuscript by the printer) . After stating that
"they all three made straight for the hostelry, where they arrived a little
before night-fall," the text continues: "The cousin proposed to Don Quixote
that they go up to it [que llegassen a ella] and have a drink, and no sooner
did Sancho Panza hear this than he turned his gray's head toward the hermi-
tage [a la hermita]" Editors have made the obvious transosition of the pro-
noun "ella" and "la ermita" and Rodriguez Marin helpfully suggests that the
clause "where they arrived a little before nightfall" should be regarded as
parenthetical. In addition, for purposes of translation, I have supplied "on
the way" and have rendered "dixo" as a pluperfect--"had proposed."

305. "Una sotahermitano " (in modem Spanish one would say sotaermitana).
Rodriguez Marin: "In this sub-hermit one may behold the brazen countenance
of the anchorite's Magdalen."

306. "Little of the best"?' "de lo caro literally, of the dearest. "Cheap water"
--" agua barata ." There were two classes of taverns in Cervantes' time:
those that sold de lo barato and the ones that dispensed de lo caro. The
former sold only vino ordinario; the latter, few in number (there are said to
have been not more than eight at the beginning of the seventeenth century),
could serve both varieties. (Rodriguez Marin)

307 . A fashion said to have been introduced by the Duke of Lerma, who suf-
fered from bunions. (Ormsby)

308. The seguidilla was a seven-line stanza with a special rhythm.

309. The word means "niggardliness." In the original: " espilorceria ."

310. See Don Quixote's speech on this subject, Part I, Chapter xxxviii.

311. It is not known where Cervantes got this, but it was not from Terence.

312. The original has " sobrino "nephew," an obvious slip on Cervantes'
part.



CHAPTER XXV



313. Proverbial expression denoting impatience. Motteux: "Don Quixote was
on thorns to know..."

314. "Regidor"--an officer in charge of finances.

315. "Dadme albricias." The word "albricias" is still in use in this sense.

316. "....los dexos, muchos y apresurados " Ormsby: "your finishing notes
come thick and fast."

317. " En bueno mono estd" an expression used when urged to have a drink.
Literally, "It [the glass] is in a good hand."

318. A proverb.

319. The reader interested in the subject may be referred to A Book of Mari-
onettes, by Helen H. Joseph (New York: Viking Press, 1929). For the pup-
pet theater m Cervantes' time, the student should consult Armando Cotarelo
y Vallador, El teatro de Cervantes (Madrid, ,1915), pp. 574 ft.

320. Cervantes means the Monte Aragon region, in the eastern part of La
Mancha, near the Cuenca Mountains, later part of the province of Cuenca.

321. Gayfer, King of Bordeaux, was one of Charlemagne's chieftains. Mel-
isendra (properly, Melisenda) was Charlemagne's daughter who was held
captive by the Moors. The story is told in the Spanish cancioneros, or ballad
collections, from which Cervantes takes it.

322. "Gallant man" ("hombre galante") is the Italian "galantuomo." "Good
companion" is " buon compagno," which Cervantes carries over as " bon
compano ." The latter expression is used again in Chapter liv following.
Such foreign phrases are not as out of place as they might seem in the
mouth of a provincial innkeeper, since he well may nave picked them up
as a soldier in the Italian wars.

323. In the original Don Quixote says this in transliterated Italian:
"que pexe pillamo ( che pesce piglia?no)"

324. "iVoto a rus!" The meaning of this obviously mild oath or exclamation
remains a mystery to the commentators.

325. " Senor Monissimo ."

326. Giantess in the Amadis of Gaul.

327. The original reads " porque lo devo"--literally, "because I owe it" [to
him]; and Rodriguez Marin suggests this may have a meaning which becomes
clear when the identity of the puppet master is later disclosed; see Chapter
xxvn following.

328 There is a word play here which is impossible to carry over. Sancho mis-
takes Don Quixote's "pacto" for "patio" and "espreso" for "espeso which
means sometimes "thick" and sometimes "dirty" or "slovenly."

329. Reference to judicial, or divinatory, astrology. The "figures" are horo-
scopes.,

330. John 10:38: "....though ye believe not me, believe the works."



CHAPTER XXVI



331. This verse is from Gregorio Hernandez de Velasco's Spanish translation
of Vergil's Aeneid, published in 1555. See the Aeneid, 11, 1: "Conticuere
omnes, intentiqtie ora tenebant." On the use made by Cervantes of the Aeneid,
see Schev ill's "Studies in Cervantes, 111, Vergil's Aeneid," in the Trans-
actions of the Connecticut Academy, 1908.

332. In the year 1905 a puppet show based upon the story of Melisendra was
staged at the Ateneo in Madrid, in connection with the three-hundredth anni-
versary of the publication of Don Quixote. (kodriguez Marin)

333. These verses are not from one of the old ballads but are the opening lines
of a set of octaves of later date, discovered by Pellicer in the National Li-
brary at Madrid. As for the game mentioned here, the expression in the orig-
inal is ll jugando a las ta bias ''?"playing at tables," corresponding to
the French " aux tables found in Rabelais and other writers. The table games
included chess, draughts (checkers), backgammon, and dice. See L. Sainean: La
Langue de Rabelais (Paris, 1922), Vol. 1, p. 287. It would appear that the game
that Gayfer is playing is tricktrack ( tric-trac ), or backgammon. Motteux:
"draughts"; Ormsby: "playing at the tables."

334. Line from a ballad attributed to Miguel Sanchez, printed in the third
part of Duran's collection, the Romancero General.

335. In the Chanson de Roland, Roland's (Orlando's) sword is named Durandal.

336. This is Marsiles of the Chanson de Roland, a historical personage. San-
suena is a city mentioned in the romances of chivalry and identified by
Cervantes as the modern Saragossa. Later in the chapter he refers to "King
Marsilio of Saragossa."

337. These verses are found in a jacara, or humorous ballad, of Quevedo. (Cle-
mencin)

338. From a ballad in the Duran collection. (Schevill)

339. Gongora has a humorous ballad the theme of which is: how Melisendra
must have suffered on this ride.

340. Is this, possibly, a criticism of the dramatists of the day?

341. This is literal. Motteux: "Christian lovers," which is not a bad render-
ing. Ormsby: "faithful lovers."

342. These lines are from one of the Rodrigo ballads.

343. A proverb.

344. "Pillar la mona"--"catch the sheape"--is slang for getting drunk.



CHAPTER XXVII



345. See Part I, Chapter xxii ff.

346. See Part I, Chapter xxiii and note 2, and Part II, Chapter in.

347. See Chapter iv preceding and note

348. See Part I, Chapter xxx and note 6.

349. Cervantes seems to have been under the mistaken impression that the
Mancha de Aragon region (see Chapter xxv preceding and note 8) was a part of
the kingdom of Aragon. (Ormsby)

350. "...como un pequefio sardesco." A sardesco is a pony or small ass; col-
loquially, the word means "rude" or "stubborn." Motteux: "a very Sardinian
for stubbornness."

351. The terms "regidor" (see Chapter xxv preceding and note 2) and " alcalde "
cannot be rendered with complete accuracy. The regidor es were aldermen
or councilmen; the alcalde was the mayor or a judge or justice of the peace.

352. Don Diego Ordonez de Lara was a Castilian knight in the service of King
Sancho II. Vellido (Bellido) Dolfos was an enemy spy who by a ruse slew the
monarch beneath the walls of Zamora. This treacherous act was avenged by
Don Diego, a near kinsman of the victim. The story is told in the Chronicle
of the Cid and in one of the old ballads. See the Ballads of the Cid in Menendez
y Pelayo's Antologia; also, Duran's Romance ro General, No. 791, and the
Cancionero de Romances (Antwerp, 1550).

353. The original has "panes' 1--"loaves," but Ormsby adopts the reading "fishes."
Lockhart, in his note on this passage in the Motteux version, renders a few lines
from the Chronicle of the Cid, which include the imprecation "May all your
harvests rot."

354. "Pueblo de la Reloxa ( Reloja )." There has been much argument among
commentators as to the identification of this "Clocktown." Rodriguez Marin,
who has an extended note and an appendix on the subject, is of the opinion
that there were two Clocktowns, one of which he identifies as the hamlet of
Espartinas near Seville, adding that "To this day, in Espartinas, it is dan-
gerous to ask *iQue bora er?'--'What time is it?' "

355. The Cazoleros, or "Scullions," were the inhabitants of Valladolid and
derived their name from a townsman, Cazalla, who was burned as a Lutheran
in 1559. The "Eggplant-growers" (Berenjeros, from berenjenas, eggplants)
were the Toledans. The "Whalers" ( Balenatos ) were the residents of Ma-
drid, so called because they were supposed to have mistaken a packsaddle
floating down the flooded Manzanares for a whale. The identity of the "Soap-
men" ( Jaboneros ) is uncertain.

356. Compare our Declaration of Independence: ". . . our Lives, our For-
tunes, and our Sacred Honor."

357. Compare the three just conditions under which war may be waged as set
forth by St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 11, ii, Quaest. 40 (1), De
Bello. These conditions are: the authorization of the ruler; a just cause;
a right intention.

358. Matthew 5:44: "Love your enemies ... do good to them that hate you..."
Compare Luke 6:27 and 35.

359. Matthew 11:30.

360. "No se me dava dos ardites."



CHAPTER XXVIII



361. This proverb has occurred in Part 1, Chapter xxv.

362. There is a confused text here in the first edition. The original reads
". . . que yo pondre silencio en mis rebnznos; pero no en dexar de dezir,"
which is in contradiction to the obvious sense of the passage. I have fol-
lowed Schevill in dropping the "en" and supplying " puedo . . pero no puedo
dexar de dezir"

363. Both the Spaniards and the Portuguese have this proverb.

364. "En vuestra mano esta escudillar." Allusion to pouring broth from the olla,
or stew-pot. (Rodriguez Marin)

365. Cervantes forgets that Sancho did not accompany Don Quixote on the first
sally.

366. In Chapter 11 preceding the name of the bachelor's father is given as Bar-
tolome. Some commentators see in this an instance of Sancho's poor memory
(his memory, as a matter of fact, was very good); others ascribe the discrep-
ancy to Cervantes' carelessness; others still see in Tome a shortened form
(based upon sound) of Bartolome.

367. This proverb is also found in Part I, Chapter lii.

368. In the Spanish, a rhyming proverb: "Quien yerra y se enmienda/A Dios se
encomienda



CHAPTER XXIX



369. Commentators have objected that Don Quixote and Sancho, traveling as
they did, could not possibly have covered the distance between the Cave of
Montesinos and the banks of the Ebro (something over two hundred miles) in
less than ten or fifteen days, in place of the five days which the author
allows them for the journey. But Rodriguez Marin observes that, with the
exigencies of earning a livelihood, which prevented him even from correct-
ing his manuscript, Cervantes had no time to spend upon geographical minu-
tiae.

370. A proverb.

371. These malapropisms of Sancho are, it goes without saying, the despair
of any translator. In such cases it is almost always impossible to render
the passage literally. Here, the word play is on " longinquos " ("caminos")
and Sancho's "logicuos."

372. The Riphaean Mountains, a range in northernmost Scythia, are frequently
mentioned by classic authors.

373. Play on "linea --"line," and "lena"--"wood."

374. The original reads ". . . segun el edmputo de Ptolomeo, que fue el mayor
cosmografo..." Out of this Sancho makes: ". . . puto y gafo [literally,
"leprous whoreson"!, con la anadidura de meon 0 meo, o no se como ."

375. Ormsby: "In the Theatmm or bis terrarum of Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp,
1600), this phenomenon is said to be observable immediately after passing
the Azores."

376. Don Quixote asks: "i. . . has to - pado algo?" and Sancho replies:
"Y aun algos" This answer has since become proverbial and the expression
has even found its way into the Dictionary of the Academy. (Rodriguez Marin)

377. See Chapter xxn preceding, note 10.

378. ". . . dos barcadas como estas"



CHAPTER XXX



379. This is literal: " con un sillon de plata" Ormsby: "a silver-mounted side-
saddle." Jarvis: "A sidesaddle of cloth of silver."

380. Literally, "kiss the hands of her great beauty."

381. See Chapter xiv preceding and note 5.

382. Rhyming proverb: " En casa llena/ Presto se gttisa la cena ." Portuguese:
"Na casa cheia, asinha se faz a cea ."

383. "A vuestra encumbrada altaneria y fermosura" "Altaneria" means both
"haughtiness" and "hawking." Motteux: "your hawking beauty,"

384. On this speech of Sancho's see Chapter x preceding, note 11.

385. The commentator Pclliccr has identified Don Quixote's hosts as the Duke
and Duchess of Villahermosa, who had a country place in this region. In the
year 1905, in connection with the celebration of the three-hundredth anniver-
sary of the publication of Part 1 of the Don Quixote, the Duchess of Villa-
hermosa observed the occasion by staging an elaborate fiesta, having medals
struck and paying the printing costs of a handsome Cervantes album, Album
Cervantino Aragones (Madrid, 1905). See Rodriguez Marin's note.

386. A proverb.

387. The text is obscure at this point. I have followed Schcvill.

388. "Escudero andado"



CHAPTER XXXI



389. There is a rhyme in the original:

Quando de Bretana vino,
que damas curauan del,
y duefias del su rozino.

Compare the lines in Part I, Chapters u and xiii.

390. The Spanish word is "juglar" corresponding to the French "jongleur"--
"a mountebank." According to the Dictionary of the Academy, a juglar in the
sixteenth century was one who "for money and before the people sang, danced,
or performed tricks and clownish acts."

391. The "fig" was originally a gesture of contempt made by closing the fist
and inserting the thumb between the index and middle fingers. (Covarrubias)

392. Somewhat freely: ". . . no perdera vuessa merced la quinola de sus anos
por punto menos."

393. The Spanish montera.

394. Pellicer states that Cervantes here gives an accurate picture of the luxury
maintained by Spanish grandees of the period.

395. It is believed that the author had in mind a particular cleric. Some say it was
the Duke of Bejar's chaplain, who did his best to persuade that nobleman to
refuse Cervantes' dedication of Part I. (See Rodriguez Marin and Ormsby.)

396. "A buen salvo esta el que repica": the sense of this proverb is that while
the bell-ringer may sound the alarm, he himself is safe in the belfry.

397. In connection with an exchange of compliments, it was a popular form of
courtesy to repeat the previous speakers words, applying them to him. (Rod-
riguez Marin) This particular form or word play was not uncommon in the Ren-
aissance; compare Rabelais, Book III, Chapter ix (The Portable Rabelais,
pp. 424-27). See also the colloquy of Erasmus entitled "Echo."

398. Tembleque is a town in La Mancha. "Hurry back from Tembleque, brother"
has come to be a proverbial expression addressed to a longwinded storyteller.

399. This stoiy may have been based upon a real-life incident. (Rodriguez
Marin)

400. " Nora tal [en hora tal]." Euphemism for " noramala [en hora mala }"--
"in an evil hour."



CHAPTER XXXII



401. "Togados"--literally, toga-wearers. Rodriguez Marin sees here the classic
antithesis between togae and arma--compare Cicero: " Cedant arma togae "
(De Officiis, 1, xxii). Cervantes, through the mouth of Don Quixote, is fond of
dwelling on the theme of arms versus letters.

402. il Auiendose criado algunos en la estrecheza de algun pupilage ." Previous
English-language translators have taken "estrecheza r in the sense of "narrow-
mindedness" instead of its other meaning, "poverty." Ormsby: "having been
brought up in all the straitness of some seminary. Motteux and Jarvis overlook
the reflexive " auiendose criado" and as a result get the meaning wrong. Mot-
teux: "having trained up a few pupils straightly"; Jarvis: "a poor pedagogue,
who never saw more of the world," etc. Rodriguez Marin points out that the al-
lusion is to the hunger endured by poor students in the schools.

403. Another echo of Garcilaso, passage quoted in Chapter vi preceding.

404. "El ancho campo de la ambicion." Ormsby suggests emending " ancho campo" to
read " ancho camino"--"broad road." "It would be absurd," he says, "to talk of
the broad field of flattery or hypocrisy, and a narrow path is naturally the
opposite of a broad road, not of a broad field." However, to this translator,
"broad field" seems quite in keeping with the concept of ambition, and in the
process of translation the difficulty may be solved by supplying "road" and
"way" in the phrase and clause that follow, as has been done here.

405. Calderon (in his Cervantes Vindicado) is inclined to believe that Sancho
threw in the verb " perseverar " simply for its sonorous, high-sounding effect.
Hartzenbusch and Beniumea substitute " persuadir "--"persuade. See Rodriguez
Marin's note.

406. The Portuguese also have this proverb.

407. See Chapter x preceding and note 7.

408. See "Urganda the Unknown," prefatory verses to Part I.

409. Personage in the Orlando Innamorato of Boiardo.

410. So-called "Neapolitan soap" (jabon napolitano) was manufactured in the
households of princes and the nobility. There are in existence a number of
curious sixteenth-century recipes for making it. Among the elements tnat
went into its composition were wheat bran, milk of poppies, goat's milk,
marrow of deer, bitter almonds, and sugar. (Rodriguez Marin)

411. The proverb ran: " Bueno es vivtr para ver" our "Live and learn."

412. A proverb.

413. Parrhasius, Timanthes, and Apelles were famous Greek painters of the
fourth and fifth centuries b.c.; Lysippus was a fourth-century Greek sculptor.

414. Don Quixote uses the form "demostina " instead of the more usual "de-
mosteniana "--"Demosthenian." (Clemencin)

415. On the Sayago region, see Chapter xix preceding and note ;

416. Oriana was the lady of An.adis of Gaul. Alastrajarea, in the chivalric ro-
mances, was the wife of the f. rince Don Falanges of Astra. On Queen Madasima,
see Part I, Chapters xxiv and xxv.

417. This proverb has occurred in Part I, Chapters iv (note 3) and xlvii ( note
11).

418. Compare Chapter vi preceding.

419. Reference to nautical terminol-
ogy-

420. See Part I, Chapter xxxi.

421. For the slaying of Orlando (Roland) by Bernardo del Carpio, see Part I,
the beginning of Chapter xxvi. On the Twelve Peers, see Part 1, Chapter XLIX.

422. Part I, Chapters xlv ff .

423. According to Clemencin, who based his information on old records, there
were no noble houses in El Toboso, nor even small gentry, the population be-
ing made up of Moorish peasants. There has been some discussion, which has
arrived nowhere, as to whether or not there was a real-life prototype of
Dulcinea.

424. See Part I, Chapter xu and note 9.

425. A proverbial expression, according to the Dictionary of the Academy.

426. Allusion to the agility of these birds, according to Rodriguez Marin.
The phrase puzzled Ormsby.

427. Rhyming proverb: "Ni hagas cohecho,/Ni pierdas derecho."

428. "Con lexia mas clara"--literally, "with clearer lye" (Ormsby). Motteux:
"cleaner suds"; Jarvis's "clearer suds" is better.

429. A cosmetic water that, according to an old recipe preserved in the Na-
tional Library of Madrid, consisted of a distillation of red and white roses,
trefoil, red poppies, lavender root, honeysuckle, orange blossoms, white lilies,
thyme, carnations, and orange rind. Directions as to the method of manufac-
turing it are also given. (See Rodriguez Marin.) It is of interest to compare
the eau d'ange which Rabelais mentions in connection with the Abbey of Theleme
(see Book I, end of Chapter xl or The Portable Rabelais, p. 210). According to
M. Paul Dorveaux, eau d'ange was "eau distille de myrte n (see the Lefranc criti-
cal edition, CEuvres de Rabelais fParis, 1913 1, Tome Second, p. 421, note 38).

430. In place of " ceremonias I adopt the reading " cirhnonias to accord with
the duchess's subsequent speech. It is not unlikely that this was what Cer-
vantes wrote.

431. Don Quixote's overrefined language here is explained by Clemencin as
being a parody on that of a bully of Seville.

432. The penante, or slender, narrowmouthed jar, held but a small quantity
of wine.

433. Commentators seem to have overlooked the fact that when Don Quixote and
Sancho first caught sight of the ducal pair, it was "as they emerged from a
wood at sunset" (see the beginning of Chapter xxx preceding); yet at the end
of the present chapter, Don Quixote goes off to take a siesta. Apparently
under the impression that the time is night, Ormsby has: "it's about as likely
... as that it's now midnight," by way of an attempt at clarifying the sense
(the original reads "corno aora es noche"). Motteux has a gross mistrans-
lation: "which I will put up with as it is now night."

434. " Que me trasquilen a cruzes ." I follow Rodriguez Marin, who interprets
this expression as meaning, "to cut the hair crudely and unevenly." He cites
Correas: V ocabulario de Ref varies. This is said to have been the manner in
which the hair of fools was trimmed.

435. See note 430 preceding.



CHAPTER XXXIII



436. Reference to the famous ivory seat which the Cid won by the capture of
Valencia. "When the Cid returned to Castile, the king, Don Alfonso, invited
him to take a seat beside him, and when the Cid out of modesty refused, his
Majesty ordered him to sit upon the ivory chair." (Clemencin, quoting the old
chronicle.)

437. See Pan I, Chapter xxvi.

438. A proverbial expression used in connection with a speaker who wanders
far afield. (Covarrubias) Ubeda was a small town in the upper Guadalquivir
valley. The region is not particularly hilly, and the origin of the expres-
sion is obscure.

439. "Es agradectdo.* Clemencin suggests that this be emended to "soy agra-
decido*?" I am grateful," but there appears to be no good reason for tne
change. Ormsby (edition of 1885) has: "I'm grateful," but the edition of his
translation by Fitzmaurice-Kelly reads: "he is free-handed" ( agradectdo
sometimes has this meaning in old Spanish). Motteux: "he is grateful."
Jarvis: "he returns my love."

440. Jarvis: "nothing in the world can part us but the sexton's spade and
shovel."

441. This proverb occurs again in Chapter liii (note 11) following.

442. " Limiste de Segovia ." Segovia was noted for its manufacture of fine
cloth. Rabelais (Book IV, Chapter vi) has the form " limestre," and Menage
(Diction - naire Etymologique) states: "The serge of Limestre is said to
derive its name from the one who first manufactured it, but there is no
proof of this. It is a serge that is made today at Rouen, and at Darnetal
near Rouen, and was formerly made in Spain, also, being of fine Spanish
wool." (See Sain^an, La Langue de Rabelais, Vol. II, pp. 226-27.)

443. This paragraph consists of a string of proverbs.

444. We have this proverb in English.

445. See Part I, Chapter xxvii and
note 1.

446. See Chapter vi preceding.

447. The duenna is quoting another version of a ballad, "Despues que el rey
don Rodrigo that appears in the canc'toneros ( Cancionero de Romances of
Antwerp and Duran's Romancero General, No. 606) .

448. Commentators have seen a confused text here, finding it difficult to
make sense out of the conclusion of this sentence, but the idea seems to be
that Sancho will be constantly improving his lot. Both Motteux and Jarvis
mistranslate; Motteux: ^ou will not give it up for one of triple brocade";
Jarvis: "for which he would refuse one of brocade three stories high."

449. Rhyming proverb: " A quien cuece y omasa, /No le hurtes hogaza ."
This is something like our "Don't kill the goose that lays the golden egg."

450. Propitiatory sounds addressed to a dog (Slice aoggy"). The Spanish
proverb runs: "A perro viejo no hay

l tus, tus' ''?"There's no use in saying
i tus, tus * to an old dog."

451. These are all proverbs.

452. The duchess is imitating Sancho's
way of talking.

453. A proverb.

454. Reference to the Disticha, a well-known school text, of Dionysius Cato.

455. Miguel Verino was the author of a collection of moral couplets, the De
Puerorum Moribus Disticha, which was in wide use in European schools and, ac-
cording to Lockhart, writing in the nineteenth century, was "still used as a
textbook in some of the English schools." Dying young, Verino was the subject
of a Latin epitaph by Politian which began: " Michael Verinus florentibus
occidit annis ." Commentators point out that there is nothing surprising in
the duchess's being able to quote Latin, as this was by no means an uncommon
accomplishment with Spanish ladies of high rank in Cervantes' time. The Duch-
ess of Villahermosa, who may have been the prototype of Cervantes' character,
was a woman of broad culture.

456. Ormsby: "The commonplace explanation is that we should not trust to
appearances." The Portuguese have this proverb and its converse: " Debaixo
de bom saio estd o homem mao"?' "Under a good cloak is a bad man."

457. Sancho means to say that he never gets drunk. Motteux: "though I wear
breeches, I don't ill use them."

458. Compare Chapter xvn (note 9) preceding and Chapter xxxvn following.

459. "En las cortesias jumentiles y assininas."



CHAPTER XXXIV



460. It was Sancho, not Don Quixote, who related the Montesinos episode.

461. Favila succeeded his father Pelayo on the throne. As Ormsby points out,
however, he was hardly a "Gothic king," as that line properly ends with
Rodrigo. According to an old Spanish chronicle, he was slain by a boar (not
bears) that he sought to subdue by bodily strength alone, unaided by his
huntsmen, in the animal's lair.

462. This comparison of war and the chase is common with Renaissance writ-
ers, particularly the Spaniards.

463. The expression "y vereies como os vale vn pan por ciento " has puzzled
commentators and translators. Rodriguez Marin states that the sense is "to
obtain great profit from an exercise or pursuit. Ormsby gives it this meaning:
"and you will find the good of it." Motteux takes it in a different sense:
"you shall see how plain fare agrees with you."

464. Compare the proverb quoted in Chapter v (note 8) preceding: "The re-
spectable woman has a broken leg and stays at home." Sancho here turns it to
his own use. It occurs again in Chapter xlix (note 17) following.

465. Standard Dictionary: "A game of cards, antedating and essentially like
poker." Ormsby: "The game (triunfo envidado) seems to have been more like
'all fours.' " For some inexplicable reason Motteux has: "a game of trumps at
Christmas."

466. "Del dicho al hecho,/Hay gran trecho."

467. Cervantes seems especially fond of this saying. It has occurred in Chapters
xiv (note 5) and xxx (note 3) preceding, and recurs in Chapters lix (note
12) and lxxi (note 10) following.

468. Proverb with assonant rhyme: "Mas vale a quien Dios ayuda/Que quien mucho
madruga"

469. Jarvis: "the belly carries the legs, and not the legs the belly."

470. The Comendador Griego was Hernan Nunez de Guzman, a learned Hellenist who
held the chair of Greek at the University of Salamanca and who was a commander
of the Order of Santiago, whence his title--not "Greek commentator," as Motteux
and others have it. He left a manuscript collection of proverbs which was pub-
lished after his death, the Refranes o Proverbios en Romance, etc. (Salamanca,
1 555 )--

471. The Moslem cry "Le ilah ile"--"There is no divinity but God" ("there is no
god but Allah").

472. At the beginning of the chapter we are told that Sancho himself had come to
believe this.

473. Ormsby: "In the carts described, wheels and axle are all in. one piece.
They are in use to this day in the Asturias, and their creaking may be heard on
a still evening miles away. The country folk there maintain it has the effect
Cervantes mentions."

474. See the prefatory verses to Part I.