(1966)
Richest Passages
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Characters | |
Oedipa Maas | Oedipa is the protagonist of The Crying of Lot 49, a disillusioned housewife
living in the fictional Northern California city of Kinneret-Among- The-Pines.
After finding out that her millionaire ex-boyfriend Pierce Inverarity has
died and asked her to execute his will, Oedipa spends the rest of the book
largely ignoring this task. Instead, she pursues an outlandish conspiracy
theory about an underground mail service called Tristero, which she expects
to somehow change her utterly boring, purposeless, and alienated life.
After leaving her feeble husband Wendell ("Mucho") Maas at home,
Oedipa journeys south to Inverarity's hometown of San Narciso, moves into
an ugly hotel called Echo Courts, and starts an affair with Inverarity's
lawyer, Metzger. Although she meets conspiracy theorists like Yoyodyne
engineers Mike Fallopian and Stanley Koteks on the way, she quickly outdoes
them by developing a complex story about historical mail-carrying rivalries
based on a line selectively erased from some editions of the fictional
17th-century English play The Courier's Tragedy. Ultimately, although Oedipa
finds plenty of evidence to support her theory, she admits that it could
also be a hallucination, fantasy, or complex practical joke set up by Pierce
Inverarity to entrap her. A study in contradictions, Oedipa switches back
and forth between intense curiosity and total apathy, absolute faith in
her theory and complete skepticism of everything she sees. By the end of
the book, although the Tristero theory remains unresolved, it does successfully
focus Oedipa's energies and show her the deep threads of interconnection
that tie the world together, even as everyone around her seems to be drifting
towards isolation and irrelevance. Her name is an obvious reference to
the Greek tragedy Oedipus, but it is unclear whether this fact actually
says something meaningful about her blindness to fate (as in the tragedy),
her relationship with men (as in Sigmund Freud's Oedipus complex), or something
else entirely. Similarly, her last name appears to reference both the Spanish
word más ("more") and the concept of mass in science, but it
can be interpreted in numerous contradictory ways. |
Pierce Inverarity | Inverarity is Oedipa's mysterious millionaire ex-boyfriend who dies before the novel begins and then sets off its entire plot by naming Oedipa as the executor (or "executrix") of his last will and testament. Although Inverarity only speaks in the novel in one brief flashback, he leaves an unmistakable imprint on virtually everything Oedipa encounters during her quest. This is doubly true in his hometown of San Narciso, which he owned so completely that Oedipa eventually wonders if he may have named her as executor and invented the Tristero conspiracy just to drive her crazy. He might be trying to take revenge on her for some problem stemming from their past relationship, but it is impossible to know because the novel reveals virtually nothing about this relationship, nor anything about Inverarity's personal life. In the first chapter, Oedipa remembers him calling her a year before his death—but he just said a bunch of canned catchphrases in a series of theatrical accents before hanging up. One of these accents was the radio character The Shadow, whose invisibility is an apt metaphor for Inverarity's underlying presence throughout The Crying of Lot 49. Shape-shifting among voices, at once everywhere and nowhere, Inverarity is a godlike figure in San Narciso. He also stands in for the American ruling class as a whole: he is distant, his motives are unclear, and he has a disproportionate amount of money and power which he invests into seizing even more. In Oedipa's view, Inverarity's profit-driven life is nearly mechanical, or even inhuman. His name is just as ambiguous as his persona: it is similar to words like "invert" "rarity," "verity" (truth), invertir (Spanish for "invest"), and so on; it also recalls the famous Sherlock Holmes villain Moriarty. |
Metzger | Metzger is Pierce Inverarity's lawyer, a handsome former child actor who clumsily seduces Oedipa. In fact, Oedipa receives a letter about Inverarity's will from Metzger in the book's opening passage, and this is what initially spurs her to go south to San Narciso. When Oedipa arrives at the Echo Courts motel, Metzger shows up at her room unannounced with several bottles of alcohol. They watch one of his old movies, Cashiered, in which he played a young boy who accompanies his father to World War I and then dies a gruesome death. During the movie, Metzger makes overtly sexual advances at the ambivalent Oedipa and then finally convinces to a play a flirtatious that game he calls "Strip Botticelli." They eventually have sex, although they are too drunk and tired to stay awake through it all. Afterward, Metzger comments that Inverarity told him that Oedipa "wouldn't be easy" to sleep with, and this drives Oedipa to tears. For the rest of the book, although Metzger is supposed to be guiding Oedipa through this process of executing Inverarity's will, in reality he does nothing at all. He and Oedipa spend most of their time having sex, drinking, and otherwise wasting time. When Oedipa returns to San Narciso at in the last chapter, she learns that Metzger has run away with a much younger woman who was previously dating one of the Paranoids. But, owing to the totally transactional and emotionless nature of her connection with Metzger, Oedipa does not mind. Metzger's name is German for "butcher," which could be a reference to his cruelty in both his relationship with Oedipa and his job protecting Inverarity's absurd business ventures. Curiously, Oedipa never even learns Metzger's first name, which further attests to the emptiness of their affair. |
Wendell "Mucho" Maas | Wendell is Oedipa's husband, a powerless, middling radio DJ at the radio station KCUF who is constantly grumbling about his job. However, he was a used car salesman before, and that was far worse: he felt a kind of "unvarying gray sickness" helping people trade in their worn-out cars for others that were equally old and useless, but slightly more expensive. His lack of autonomy illustrates the predicament of middle-class workers whose jobs are totally disconnected from their individual lives and desires. In fact, this sense of disconnection might be the only thing he shares with Oedipa: although they are married, Oedipa and Mucho have no visible feelings for each other, and it is entirely unclear how they fell in love and got married in the first place. At the end of the book, Mucho gets hooked on Dr. Hilarius's experimental LSD and loses track of reality—he can separate out all the individual tones in a musical chord, but he can no longer tell apart different people who say the phrase "rich, chocolaty goodness." In fact, not only do the people around him blend into one another like the used cars in his lot, but Mucho learns to accept the "unvarying gray sickness" of modern America, and Oedipa takes this as a sign that she has forever lost the man she used to know. Although it is unclear what Mucho's nickname means, it is essentially the Spanish mucho más ("much more" or "a lot more"). |
Dr. Hilarius | Dr. Hilarius is Oedipa's eccentric therapist whose lighthearted name belies the fact that he is actually a former Nazi doctor who performed psychological experiments on Holocaust victims at Buchenwald concentration camp. Although Hilarius generally sticks to Freudian psychoanalysis in his sessions, he also enjoys making faces at his patients, which he considers a useful but misunderstood therapeutic procedure. Eventually, he has a mental breakdown: convinced that ghostlike, self-cloning Israeli soldiers are out to get him, Hilarius locks himself in his office and starts shooting at everything that approaches—including Oedipa, who manages to calm him down for long enough for the police to arrive. This could be interpreted in several ways: it could be the result of emotional exhaustion, after dealing with patients' problems for years but never being able to speak his own. It could also represent the battle between Hilarius's own conscious and unconscious, especially as he tries to repent for his crimes against humanity. Or, he could be on the LSD that he is prescribing to everyone for an experiment, in a clear parody of real-life psychologist and 1960s counterculture icon Timothy Leary. Ultimately, Hilarius gets Mucho hooked on the drug and loses all sense of the distinctions between objects. In general, Hilarius's egregious malpractice is Pynchon's way of critiquing science's potential to be used for evil and psychology's often speculative theories and methods. And by ironically making his therapist character go insane, Pynchon raises the possibility that society is the root cause of people's unhappiness. |
Miles | Miles is a teenager who manages the Echo Courts motel and plays in the band the Paranoids. Like his other bandmates, Miles obsessively imitates the Beatles and embraces anything he perceives to be British, even though he actually has no idea what he is talking about. He sings a number of tacky songs throughout the novel, and when Oedipa offers to show his music to Mucho at KCUF radio, Miles gets offended because he assumes she is making a sexual advance on him. |
The Paranoids | The Paranoids are a band of marijuana-smoking hippie teenagers (including Miles) who closely imitate the Beatles, even to the point of singing in British accents. They provide background music during much of Oedipa's time in San Narciso, and they take a particular interest in her affair with Metzger, even dropping by Oedipa's room at times to watch her and Metzger have sex. During a day trip to Fangoso Lagoons, the Paranoids alert Oedipa to the similarity between Manny Di Presso's story about soldiers' bones being dug out of a lake to make the bone charcoal filters for Beaconsfield cigarettes and the plot of Wharfinger's play The Courier's Tragedy. |
Manny Di Presso | Manny is an acquaintance of Metzger's who portrays Metzger on a failed TV pilot. While Metzger started out as a child actor and later became a lawyer, Di Presso started as a lawyer, briefly tried his hand at acting, and then went back to law. In fact, he is a lawyer for the mafia, and he is running from the mafioso Tony Jaguar when Oedipa, Metzger, and the Paranoids encounter him in a scuba suit in Fangoso Lagoons. He explains that he is investigating the bones at the bottom of Fangoso Lagoons's lake for a case against Pierce Inverarity's estate. Supposedly, when Tony Jaguar dug these bones out of the Lago di Pietà in Italy and sold them to the Beaconsfield cigarette company, Beaconsfield never paid him. A caricature of a fast-talking mob lawyer, Di Presso serves as a character foil to point out Metzger's own moral shortcomings. |
Mike Fallopian | Fallopian is a paranoid Yoyodyne employee whom Oedipa frequently meets at a San Narciso bar called The Scope. Fallopian is writing a book on the conflict between the American government and private postal companies in the 19th century, and he tells Oedipa and Metzger about the secret postal system he is starting through the underground Peter Pinguid Society, a right-wing anti-government organization. However, when he actually receives mail through the Society, it turns out to be a meaningless greeting from a coworker who is in the same bar. Later, Oedipa realizes that this system might be the same as W.A.S.T.E. In fact, although Fallopian is the first person who introduces Oedipa to a string of revelations that later gets her obsessed with the Tristero, at the end of the book, Fallopian actually tries to talk Oedipa out of her conspiracy theory by pointing out that Pierce Inverarity is the common thread among everything she has identified with Tristero. In other words, while Oedipa initially sees Fallopian as a paranoid nutjob, the script is flipped and Oedipa looks like the crazy one by the end of the novel. Fallopian's surname is a reference to the Fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system, although the narrator suggests that the name is actually just a reflection of his Armenian heritage. |
Randolph Driblette | Driblette is the director of The Courier's Tragedy; he plays Gennaro in his own production. When Oedipa approaches him after the play to ask about his character's reference to Trystero and the scene in which bones are dumped in a lake, Driblette insists that the play "isn't literature" and "doesn't mean anything." Rather than depending upon the original script, he insists, the meaning of the play lies in his performance of it—he compares himself to a projector, filling a planetarium dome with a projection of the universe. Oedipa later borrows this metaphor to talk about putting together a theory of the Trystero conspiracy. But Driblette also refuses to explain why he had the Trystero bandits attack the protagonist, Niccolò, onstage, although he does note that this was his own idea. Ultimately, while it remains unclear whether or not Driblette is actually involved with Trystero, he does ominously warn Oedipa that she will "never touch the truth." Later in the book, he stops answering calls, and Professor Emory Bortz tells Oedipa that "they" (presumably Trystero) attacked Driblette, and then he committed suicide by drowning himself in the Pacific Ocean. Although Oedipa never uncovers the whole story, she attends Driblette's funeral in the last chapter of the novel. Driblette's name is a derivative of "driblet," which means a small amount of liquid (or anything else). This may reference Driblette's relative insignificance as an artist or the Pacific Ocean where he died—or it could mean nothing at all, like so many of the play's other names. |
John Nefastis | Nefastis is a rogue scientist and acquaintance of Stanley Koteks who develops the complicated Nefastis machine in an attempt to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. When Oedipa visits him, Nefastis goes on an incomprehensible rant about entropy and proclaims that Maxwell's demon—a thought experiment—is a real conscious entity. Nefastis's machine does not work, and after Oedipa gives up on it, he crudely asks her to have sex with him while watching the nightly news. His name comes from the Latin nefastus, which refers to a day when public business could not be conducted. This etymology points to Nefastis's anti-institutional tendencies. The root "nefastus" is also the origin of nefasto, which means "tragic" or "wicked" in several romance languages. |
Genghis Cohen | Cohen is Los Angeles's preeminent stamp expert who helps Oedipa inventory Pierce Inverarity's stamp collection. Cohen identifies several of Inverarity's stamps as complex forgeries, probably tied to the W.A.S.T.E. or Tristero mail systems. In fact, he identifies the Tristero symbol as a muted version of the Thurn and Taxis emblem, a post horn, and near the end of the novel he finds an article about Tristero's move to the United States and a stamp that spells out the acronym W.A.S.T.E.: "We Await Silent Tristero's Empire." Essentially, Cohen gives Oedipa plenty of supporting details to fuel her conspiracy theory about Tristero. At the very end of the book, Cohen encourages Oedipa to go to the auction of Inverarity's stamps because he believes C. Morris Schrift's secret buyer might be from Tristero. Oedipa feels pity for Cohen because he is awkward and always leaves his fly down, and she finally works up the courage to tell him in this final passage. Cohen's name is a pun on the Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan, to whom Cohen has no clear resemblance at all. |
Professor Emory Bortz | Bortz is an English professor and Richard Wharfinger expert who teaches at the Pierce Inverarity-funded San Narciso College and spends much of his free time binge-drinking with his students. Oedipa consults him for information about the "tryst with Trystero" line in Randolph Driblette's production of The Courier's Tragedy. Whereas Driblette identifies the true version of the play as his company's performance, Bortz insists that Wharfinger's original script is the real version. However, Bortz also admits that most of the play's historical editions have been significantly altered, and he praises Driblette for changing the script to capture the play's spirit. These statements both seem to undermine his emphasis on the sanctity of the script. He chalks the "tryst with Trystero" line up to an intentionally sinful adaptation of the play compiled by a Puritan sect called the Scurvhamites. Then, he directs Oedipa to a series of old books—most importantly, the memoirs of Dr. Diocletian Blobb—that suggest that Tristero was founded by a Spanish nobleman in the 1500s. However, Bortz then fills in several hundred years more of Tristero's history by simply making it up. His nonchalant personality and propensity for wild speculation defy stereotypes about professors—especially those specializing in 17th-century literature. However, his relative neglect of his overburdened wife makes him totally consistent with the rest of the novel's male characters. |
The Inamorati Anonymous Member | The Inamorati Anonymous member is a man whom Oedipa finds wearing the Tristero horn symbol at a San Francisco gay bar called The Greek Way. The man claims to be straight but explains that he is drinking at The Greek Way because he is involved in the Inamorati Anonymous, a group of voluntarily isolated people who view their need for love and relationships as an unhealthy addiction. Curious about the symbol on his pin, Oedipa tells him all about her Tristero conspiracy. But the man later explains that the group’s founder saw the muted horn symbol on the watermarks of gasoline-doused stamps after a near suicide attempt. He disappears after going to the bathroom, but at the end of the novel, Oedipa calls him again from a phone booth near the freeway in San Narciso. Suspicious of their encounter, she asks him if Pierce Inverarity paid him to talk to her, but he simply replies that "It’s too late […] for me." This is ambiguous: it could mean that he actually was paid off, or it could mean that he is afraid of breaking his Inamorati Anonymous vow by falling in love. Regardless, the Inamorati Anonymous man’s tragic but voluntary isolation seems like something of a logical endpoint for many of the novel’s men, who consistently refuse intimacy out of fear or because they are unable to communicate about their emotions. |
The Sailor | The sailor is an elderly alcoholic man with the Tristero horn symbol tattooed on his arm, whom Oedipa meets in San Francisco. He asks Oedipa to send a letter to his estranged wife via W.A.S.T.E., and then Oedipa helps him return upstairs to his room, where she helps him cope with delirium tremens hallucinations and contemplates all the memories that his mattress contains, at least symbolically. Although the old sailor is out of touch with reality, to Oedipa, he represents what Jesús Arrabal called a miracle: a brief meeting of two worlds that opens the possibility of change in each of them. Indeed, he leads her directly to direct proof that the W.A.S.T.E. mail system exists, and he gives life to Oedipa’s hope that uncovering Tristero will help her escape the sense of alienation that dominates her life. |
Roseman | Roseman is Oedipa and Mucho's lawyer, whom Oedipa briefly consults in the novel's introductory chapter for advice about Pierce Inverarity's will. Roseman is miserable because he obsessively compares himself to the television lawyer Perry Mason, and he flirts shamelessly with Oedipa until she points out that he is manipulating her in order to enjoy his own fantasy but does not actually mean any of the things he tells her. |
Tony Jaguar | Tony is a mafia boss who hires Manny Di Presso to help with his dirty business but sends goons after him when Di Presso cannot loan him money. According to Di Presso, one of Tony's business ventures involved digging up American soldiers' bones from the Lago di Pietà and selling them to the Beaconsfield cigarettes company. Tony never got paid for these bones, so he wants to sue Pierce Inverarity's estate, although Metzger tells Di Presso that Inverarity only owned the filter technology, not the actual Beaconsfield corporation. |
Stanley Koteks | Koteks is a rebellious engineer who works with Mike Fallopian at Yoyodyne. Koteks grew up hoping to invent something that would change the world, or at least make him famous. But instead, he ends up working on a team, developing technologies that he does not care about, and doing the bidding of Yoyodyne's inane executives, who spend their days singing cheery songs about going to war and do not know the first thing about actual science. When Oedipa meets Koteks, she sees him drawing the muted horn symbol in his notebook and suspects that he might be part of Tristero. Koteks tells Oedipa about John Nefastis's secret communication machine, but judges her harshly for pronouncing "W.A.S.T.E." as a single word, not a five-letter acronym. Pynchon parodies both halves of Koteks's disaffection: his self-esteem totally depends upon the individualistic American ideal of the brilliant, autonomous, underground male scientist; and his life revolves around the corporate military-industrial complex that forces talented, inquisitive thinkers to waste their lives developing destructive technologies. There is also an element of self-parody in Koteks: Pynchon spent two years writing propaganda to convince the American public to celebrate Boeing missiles, until he swore off the corporate world and decided to become a writer. |
James Clerk Maxwell | Maxwell was a prominent 19th-century Scottish scientist who laid much of the groundwork for modern physics. In part, he is famous for the Maxwell's demon thought experiment that inspires John Nefastis to build his communication machine. While Oedipa tries to communicate with the machine, she has to stare at the photo of Maxwell's face that Nefastis has put on his box. |
Jesús Arrabal | Arrabal is a Mexican anarchist who founded an activist organization called, ironically enough, the CIA. Oedipa Maas and Pierce Inverarity first met Arrabal in Mexico several years before the events of the novel. He has since gone into exile in the United States, and Oedipa runs into him (or dreams about him) when she visits his restaurant in San Francisco. In a symbolically significant passage, Arrabal comments that Pierce was the perfect embodiment of his mortal enemy—a wealthy, soulless businessman—and compares this to the definition of a miracle: "another world's intrusion into this one." The name "Jesús" obviously recalls Christ, and "Arrabal" means a marginal, poor suburb outside of a city. Thus, Arrabal's name suggests that salvation (or a miracle) comes from people who live at the margins of mainstream society. |
Mr. Thoth | Named after the Egyptian god of scribes, Mr. Thoth is an old man who lives at Vesperhaven House, a San Narciso retirement home owned by Pierce Inverarity. While visiting all of Inverarity's companies and properties, Oedipa runs into Thoth by chance, and Thoth tells her a story about his racist frontiersman grandfather, a Pony Express mail-carrier, delightfully slaughtering a group of bandits with "a Mexican name" and stealing a gold ring with the muted post horn symbol on it. Oedipa assumes that this group must be Tristero, and Thoth's explanation is consistent with Professor Bortz's suggestion that the members of Tristero immigrated to the United States in 1849 and continued carrying mail while disguising themselves as Mexicans and Native Americans in the American West. However, Oedipa never decides whether or not to believe this story. |
The Founder of Inamorati Anonymous | According to the Inamorati Anonymous member whom Oedipa meets in The Greek Way, the group was founded by a laid-off Yoyodyne executive who was replaced with a machine and then could not find any reason to live without his corporate job. The founder nearly committed suicide but found his wife sleeping with the boss who laid him off and decided to instead dedicate himself to helping people avoid falling in love. A parody of corporate capitalism's profit-seeking tendencies, the founder's story suggests that American individualism leads people to sacrifice the most important, human parts of themselves—the identities and relationships that make life worth living—for the sake of efficiency and production. |
Winthrop ("Winner") Tremaine | Winthrop is the racist owner of a government surplus store who gets rich selling guns and mock Nazi memorabilia. Like the executives at Yoyodyne and everyone else involved in the military-industrial complex in the novel, Tremaine only cares about his profits and does not think about the implications of his business. |
Richard Wharfinger | Wharfinger is the fictional 17th-century English playwright who wrote The Courier's Tragedy. A kind of absurdist Shakespeare, Wharfinger may have known about the rivalry between Thurn and Taxis and Tristero, or this might have been added to The Courier's Tragedy later by the Scurvhamites. His name admits of multiple interpretations, like "wharf-finger," "war-finger," and "Wahr-finger" (Wahr meaning "true" or "real" in German). |
Angelo | In Wharfinger's The Courier's Tragedy, Angelo the evil Duke of Squamuglia who spends the whole play trying to seize control of the neighboring duchy of Faggio by installing his ally, Pasquale, in place of the legitimate heir, Niccolò. He also has an incestuous relationship with his sister, Francesca, but wants to marry her to Pasquale—who is Francesca's son. After Tristero bandits kill Niccolò, Angelo admits to killing a group of Faggio's soldiers, dumping their bones in a lake, digging up the bones, and making ink out of them. This exactly resembles Tony Jaguar's business with Beaconsfield cigarettes, although it is unclear what this coincidence means. Gennaro and his men kill Angelo and his entire court at the end of the play. |
Niccolò | The protagonist of Wharfinger's fictional play The Courier's Tragedy, Niccolò is the legitimate heir to the Dukedom of Faggio. Long before the events of the play, Niccolò's illegitimate brother Pasquale plotted with the evil Duke of Squamuglia, Angelo, to take power by killing Niccolò. But the dissident Ercole saved Niccolò's life and raised him in secret. The play revolves around Niccolò's attempt to regain his rightful place in Faggio, and he spends much of the play in Angelo's court, disguised as Thurn and Taxis employee. When Angelo sends him to deliver a letter to Gennaro, Niccolò realizes that he is about to finally win control over Faggio. But Angelo also sends Tristero bandits to kill Niccolò, and they do in a bizarre scene that convinces Oedipa to start investigating the mysterious Tristero for some deeper meaning. |
Pasquale | In Wharfinger's The Courier's Tragedy, Pasquale is the evil, illegitimate brother of Niccolò, who works with Angelo (the Duke of Squamuglia) to overthrow his father and usurp the Dukedom of Faggio. In some versions of the play, he marries his mother Francesca in order to unite Squamuglia and Faggio. Throughout the play, Pasquale is unaware that Niccolò is still alive and plotting revenge against him. Accordingly, he is surprised when Ercole interrupts one of his orgies and tortures him to death. |
Francesca | In Wharfinger's The Courier's Tragedy, Francesca is a noblewoman who is connected through incest to both the houses of Squamuglia and Faggio. She is Angelo's sister and lover, but she was also the former lover of the Duke of Faggio, who is the father of her son Pasquale. Before the events of the play, Angelo killed the Duke of Faggio and replaced him with Pasquale instead of his legitimate heir, Niccolò. Then, he insists that Francesca marry her son Pasquale in order to unite the two duchies. Francesca objects, but Angelo insists that Francesca cannot complain about sleeping with her son if she is already sleeping with her brother. In some versions of the play, she does marry Pasquale, while other versions include a disturbing sex scene between her and Angelo. |
Gennaro | In Wharfinger's The Courier's Tragedy, Gennaro is a "complete nonentity" who takes over the Dukedom of Faggio after Ercole's army murders the illegitimate Duke Pasquale. (Notably, Gennaro's claim to the Dukedom is never explained or shown to be legitimate.) On their way to invade Duke Angelo's Squamuglia, Gennaro's army discovers the body of Niccolò—the legitimate ruler of Faggio—by the lake that marks the border between the two duchies. Gennaro proclaims that Niccolò has died after a "tryst with Trystero," and Oedipa (who goes to see the play) realizes that "Trystero" must be the important word that the actors refused to speak throughout the whole play (and replaced with a mysterious silence instead). As if the story were not already complicated enough, the actor who portrays Gennaro happens to be Randolph Driblette, the play's director. Oedipa thinks that Driblette must know something about this Trystero, so approaches him after the play, but he dismisses her question. |
Caesar Funch | Funch is Mucho's boss at the radio station KCUF. Mucho frequently overreacts to Funch's advice, and Funch first alerts Oedipa when Mucho loses his mind on Dr. Hilarius's LSD. |
C. Morris Schrift | Schrift is an estate agent who represents the secretive mystery bidder seeking to buy Pierce Inverarity's stamps. Curiously, schrift is the German word for "writing," which references the way the mysterious buyer—like so many important plot points in the novel—plans to communicate through the mail. |
Ercole | In The Courier's Tragedy, Ercole is a rebellious dissident who saves Niccolò's life and then becomes his close friend and ally. Ercole tortures Niccolò's enemies and leads the rebellion that kills Pasquale, Niccolò's illegitimate brother who has usurped the throne of Faggio. |