pingere
pingo , pinxi, pictum, 3, v. a.,
I.to represent pictorially with the pencil or needle, to paint, embroider (cf.: depingo, delineo, adumbro).
I. Lit.: “
quas (comas) Dione Pingitur sustinuisse manu,”
is represented in painting,
Ov. Am. 1, 14, 34;
Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 7: “
tabulas,”
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1: “
tabula picta,”
a painting,
picture,
id. Brut. 75: “
pingere hominis speciem,”
id. de Or. 2, 16, 69: “
Helenae simulacrum,”
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1: “
Nero princeps jusserat colosseum se pingi,”
Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 51.—Prov.: “
quae dicunt ii, qui numquam philosophum pictum, ut dicitur, viderunt, of those who speak of things they know nothing about,”
Cic. Fin. 5, 27, 80.— Of embroidering (with or without
acu): “
textile stragulum, magnificis operibus pictum,”
Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 61: “
pingere acu,”
Ov. M. 6, 23: “
picti reges,”
in embroidered garments,
Mart. 10, 72, 7: “
picti tori,”
with embroidered coverlets,
Ov. H. 12, 30: “
toga,”
the embroidered toga worn by a triumphing commander,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 40: “
tapetes,”
Vulg. Prov. 7, 16.—
Pass. in mid. force: “
pingi,”
to paint the face,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 11.—
B. Transf.
1. To paint,
stain,
color with any thing (mostly
poet.): “
palloribus omnia pingunt,”
Lucr. 4, 311;
2, 375: “
sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit,”
Verg. E. 6, 22;
2, 50;
Mart. 14, 5, 2: “
multas facies,”
Juv. 9, 146: “
oculos,”
id. 2, 94; so, “
oculos stibio,”
Vulg. Jer. 4, 30. —Esp.,
to tattoo: “
Agathyrsi ora artusque pingunt iisdem omnes notis, et sic ut ablui nequeunt,”
Mel. 2, 1, 10: “
membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus,”
Claud. in Ruf. 1, 313.—
II. Trop., of style,
to paint,
color,
embellish: “
verba,”
Cic. Brut. 37, 141: “
tabula, quam Cleanthes sane commode verbis depingere solebat,”
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69: “
locus, quem ego varie meis orationibus soleo pingere,”
id. Att. 1, 14, 3: “
modo mihi date Britanniam, quam pingam coloribus tuis penicillo meo,”
id. Q. Fr. 2, 15, a, 2: “
hunc (virum) omnibus a me pictum et politum artis coloribus subito deformatum vidi,”
id. Att. 2, 21, 4.—Hence,
pictus , a, um, P. a.,
painted,
colored,
of various colors.
A. Lit.: “
volucres,”
Verg. A. 4, 525: “
pelles,”
id. G. 4, 342: “
absint et picti squalentia terga lacerti,”
id. ib. 4, 13: “
puppes,”
id. A. 5, 663: “
carinae,”
id. ib. 8, 93.—
2. Of style,
ornamented,
ornate: orationis pictum et expolitum genus, Cic. Or. 27, 96: “
Lysiā nihil potest esse pictius,”
id. Brut. 95, 293.—
simulacrum
sĭmŭlācrum , i, n. simulo, an image formed in the likeness of a thing,
I.a likeness, image, form, representation, semblance (class.; syn.: imago, effigies, signum).
I. Lit., of images formed by art, reflected in a mirror, or seen in a dream; of apparitions, visions, etc. (the latter mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
A. Of images formed by art, esp. of statues of the gods,
an image,
figure,
portrait,
effigy,
statue, etc.: “
alicujus effigiem simulacrumque servare,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 159; cf.: “
statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum ... relinquere,”
id. Arch. 12, 30: “
Helenae se pingere simulacrum velle dixit (Zeuxis),”
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; cf.
id. Fam. 5, 12, 7: “
delubra magnifica humanis consecrata simulacris,”
id. Rep. 3, 9, 14; “
but cf.: simulacrum deae non effigie humanā,”
Tac. H. 2, 3: “
deorum simulacra sanctissima,”
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3; “
so of the images of the gods,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 185;
Caes. B. G. 6, 16;
6, 17;
id. B. C. 2, 5;
3, 105;
Tac. H. 2, 3;
id. A. 12, 22 al.: “
tueri aras simulacraque divom,”
Lucr. 5, 75;
5, 308: “
et bene facta deum frangit simulacra,”
id. 6, 419;
Verg. A. 2, 172;
Ov. M. 10, 694;
15, 658 al.; cf.: “
Herculis simulacrum,”
Liv. 9, 44 fin.: simulacra oppidorum,
Cic. Pis. 25, 60; cf. “
pugnarum,”
Liv. 41, 28, 10: “
Balbum in triumpho omnium gentium urbiumque nomina ac simulacra duxisse,”
Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 36; cf. “
also: simulacrum celebrati diei pingere,”
Liv. 24, 16 fin.: “
montium, fluviorum,”
Tac. A. 2, 41.—
Poet., of the Trojan horse,
Verg. A. 2, 232 (for which, effigies,
id. ib. 2, 184).—
b. Adverb.: ad or per simulacrum (like ad similitudinem, formam),
in the form of,
after the pattern of: “
aurata aedes ad simulacrum templi Veneris collocata,”
Suet. Caes. 84: “
ad simulacrum ignium ardens Pharus,”
id. Flor. 4, 2, 88; cf.: “
ad simulacrum caelestium siderum,”
id. ib. 1, 2, 3: “
digiti per litterarum simulacra ducuntur,”
Sen. Ep. 94, 51.—
B. An image,
form,
shade,
phantom seen in a mirror, in a dream, etc.; analogous to the Gr.
εἴδωλον: “
quaecunque apparent nobis simulacra,”
Lucr. 4, 99; cf.: “
per aquas, quae nunc rerum simulacra videmus,”
id. 1, 1060: “
quid frustra simulacra fugacia (in aquā visa) captas?”
Ov. M. 3, 432. —Of the
shades or
ghosts of the departed: “
quaedam simulacra modis pallentia miris,”
Lucr. 1, 123 (cf.
Verg. G. 1, 477 infra); cf.: “
est via declivis (in Tartarum) ... umbrae recentes Descendunt illac simulacraque functa sepulcris,”
Ov. M. 4, 435; so
id. ib. 10, 14: “
simulacra cara parentis,”
id. ib. 14, 112; cf.
Verg. A. 2, 772: “
ut bibere in somnis sitiens cum quaerit ... laticum simulacra petit, etc.,”
Lucr. 4, 1099; cf.: “
(canes) Expergefacti secuntur inania saepe Cervorum simulacra,”
id. 4, 995: “
simulacra inania somni,”
Ov. H. 9, 39: “
vana (noctis),”
id. Am. 1, 6, 9: “
simulacra modis pallentia miris Visa sub obscurum noctis,”
Verg. G. 1, 477;
Sil. 3, 650 al.; cf.: “
ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes sibi metus fingeret,”
Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 7.—
2. In the philosoph. lang. of Lucret. (like the Gr.
εἴδωλον and the Lat. spectrum),
the form or
image of an object of sense or thought presented to the mind;
a representation,
idea,
conception,
Lucr. 2, 112;
4, 130;
4, 149 sq.—
II. In partic., with the predominant idea of mere imitation (opp. to that which is original or real),
a shadow,
semblance,
appearance, etc.: “
simulacrum aliquod ac vestigium civitatis,”
Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 1; cf.: “
simulacra virtutis,”
id. Off. 1, 15, 46; and: “
haec simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia nullo modo,”
id. Div. 2, 33, 71: “
libertatis,”
Tac. A. 1, 77: “
belli simulacra cientes,” i.e.
mock-fights,
sham-fights,
Lucr. 2, 41;
2, 324: “
pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis,”
Verg. A. 5, 585;
5, 674;
Sil. 16, 529;
7, 119; cf.: “
simulacrum navalis pugnae,”
Liv. 26, 51, 6;
35, 26, 2: “
quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad verum discrimen aciemque justam consuescimus,”
Quint. 2, 10, 8; so, “
ludicrum pugnae,”
Liv. 40, 9: “
decurrentis exercitūs,”
id. 44, 9: “
vindemiae,”
Tac. A. 11, 31: “
civilitatis particulae,”
Quint. 2, 15, 25: “
inania,”
id. 10, 5, 17.
vestigium
vestīgĭum , ii, n. id.,
I. [select] a footstep, step; footprint, foot-track, track.
I. [select] Lit.: “
currentium pes vestigium facit,”
Quint. 9, 4, 67: “
hac socci video vestigium in pulvere,”
Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 29: “
hominis,”
Plin. 8, 4, 5, § 9: “
in foro vestigium facere,” i. e.
to set foot in the market,
Cic. Rab. Post. 17, 48: “
ponere vestigia,”
id. Phil. 3, 12, 31: “
facere vestigium in possessione,”
id. Caecin. 14, 39: “
vestigiis persequi aliquem,”
id. Brut. 90, 307: “
vestigiis sequi hostem,”
Liv. 9, 45, 16: eodem remanere vestigio,
to stay in the same spot or
place,
Caes. B. G. 4, 2: “
negans e republicā esse, vestigium abscedi ab Hannibale,”
the distance of a step,
Liv. 27, 4, 1: “
deus ille, quem mente noscimus, atque in animi notione tamquam in vestigio volumus reponere,”
Cic. N. D. 1, 14, 37.—
3. [select] In gen.,
a trace,
mark,
sign,
token,
vestige: “
praesertim cum in lectulo decumanae mulieris vestigia viderent recentia,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 79;
id. de Or. 3, 2, 6;
Caes. B. G. 6, 27: “
in vestigiis hujus urbis,”
ruins,
Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 12: “
semiruta murorum vestigia,”
Amm. 24, 2, 6.—
II. [select] Trop., of manners, cha racter, etc.,
a footprint,
trace: “
a pueritiā vestigiis ingressus patriis et tuis,”
Cic. Rep. 6, 24, 26: “
amoris vestigia,”
Quint. 11, 1, 59: “
imprimi quaedam vestigia animo,”
id. 11, 2, 4: “
patris patruique vestigia premere,”
Tac. A. 2, 14 fin.—
B. [select] Transf., of time,
a point,
moment,
instant: “
eodem et loci vestigio et temporis,”
Cic. Pis. 9, 21: “
in illo vestigio temporis,”
Caes. B. G. 7, 25: “
vestigio temporis,”
at the moment,
instantly,
forthwith,
id. B. C. 2, 26: “
ut urbs ab hostibus capta eodem vestigio videretur,”
at that very moment,
id. ib. 2, 7.—
frustrā
frustrā (-tră , Prud. στεφ. 1, 13), adv. orig. acc. plur. neutr., afterwards abl. sing. fem. of frusterus, for frud-; v. fraus; hence.
I. In deception, in error (so mostly anteclass. and in historians; “
not in Cic. and Caes.): ambo, et servus et era, frustra sunt duo, Qui me Amphitruonem rentur esse: errant probe,”
are deceived,
in error,
Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 19; cf.
id. Bacch. 4, 7, 42: “
nunc, mulier, nei frustra sies, mea non es: ne arbitrere,”
id. Merc. 3, 1, 30: “
quo mihi acrius annitendum est, ut neque vos capiamini, et illi frustra sint,”
Sall. J. 85, 6: “
frustra esse,”
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 74: hilarus est; “
frustrast homo,”
id. Most. 3, 1, 40 Lorenz: “
ne frustra sis,”
id. Men. 4, 3, 18 sq.;
id. Mil. 5, 29 al.; cf. in the foll. II. A.—With
animi: “
erras, Aemiliane, et longe hujus animi frustra es,”
App. Mag. p. 286.—Frustra habere aliquem,
to deceive,
cheat one (= eludere): “
Corbulo quaesito diu proelio frustra habitus,”
Tac. A. 13, 37;
51: “
si Persae frustra habitae redissent ad sua,”
Amm. 18, 6, 6: servom ac dominum, Plaut. Am. argument. 5.—
II. Transf., according as particular respect is had to the effect, the aim, or the reason of an action, without effect, to no purpose, without cause, uselessly, in vain, for nothing (freq. and class.; the predom. signif. in prose and poetry; cf.: in cassum, nequiquam).
A. Without effect, in vain: “
alii parasiti frustra obambulabant in foro, i. e. they got no dinner,”
Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 31: “
praesagibat mihi animus, frustra me ire, quom exibam domo,”
id. Aul. 2, 2, 1: nemo dabit; “
frustra egomet mecum has rationes puto,”
Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 53: “
frustra operam opinor sumo,”
id. Heaut. 4, 3, 15: “
neque ipse auxilium suum saepe a viris bonis frustra implorari patietur,”
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144: “
haec si verbis explicare conemur, frustra suscipiatur labor,”
id. Univ. 10: “
fortissima frustra pectora,”
Verg. A. 1, 348;
5, 389: “
multum frustraque rogatus,”
Luc. 4, 735: “
peritura frustra agmina,”
id. 7, 736;
Ov. M. 8, 140: “
frustra telum mittere,”
Caes. B. G. 3, 4, 2; cf.
id. ib. 3, 25, 1: “
frustra tantum laborem sumere,”
id. ib. 3, 14, 1: “
cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat,”
Sall. J. 7, 6 Kritz.;
ib. 14, 11 Dietsch; 61, 1; 71, 5; 73
fin. al.; cf.: “
ita frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit,”
Liv. 2, 25, 2: “
neque frustrabor ultra cives meos, neque ipse frustra dictator ero,”
id. 2, 31, 10;
Quint. 10, 1, 2: “
frustra cruento Marte carebimus, frustra metuemus Austrum: Visendus ater Cocytus, etc.,”
Hor. C. 2, 14, 13 and 15: “
nam frustra vitium vitaveris illud, si te alio pravum detorseris,”
id. S. 2, 2, 54: “
tam frustra (expressere) quam recusaverat (= aeque frustra fuit et sine eventu),”
likewise without effect,
Tac. H. 2, 90 fin. (see the passage in conn.).—With
nequiquam,
Cat. 77, 1;
App. M. 8, p. 208, 40.—With
sic: ego astabo hic tantisper cum hac forma et factis sic frustra; cf. Gr.
οὕτως ἄλλως,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30.—In a pun with frustra esse (v. supra, I.) and frustrari: qui lepide postulat alterum frustrari, quom frustra'st, frustra illum dicit frustra esse. Nam qui se frustrari quem frustra sentit, Qui frustratur, frustra'st, si ille non est frustra, Enn. ap.
Gell. 18, 2, 7 (Sat. 33, p. 158 sq. Vahl.).—
2. Ellipt.: “
equites et auxiliarios pedites in omnes partes mittit ... Nec frustra. Nam, etc.,”
Hirt. B. G. 8, 5, 3; so, “
frustra: nam, etc.,”
Hor. C. 3, 7, 21;
Flor. 4, 11, 9.—
B. Without reason or cause, groundlessly: “
frustra ac sine causa quid facere indignum deo est,”
Cic. Div. 2, 60, 125: “
frustra tempus contero,”
id. Rosc. Com. 14, 41: “
quae disputatio ne frustra haberetur,”
id. Rep. 1, 7: “
quae (res) prima impulit etiam, ut suspiceremus in caelum nec frustra siderum motus intueremur,”
id. ib. 3, 2; 4, 3;
id. Tusc. 1, 10, 21;
id. Fin. 2, 12, 36; v. Madv. ad h. l. p. 210: non igitur frustra Plato civili viro, quem
πολιτικόν vocant, necessariam musicen credidit,
Quint. 1, 10, 15;
10, 1, 56: “
ut multi, nec frustra, opinantur,”
Suet. Oth. 9: “
ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat,”
Verg. A. 4, 415 Forbig. ad loc.—
civitas
cīvĭtas , ātis (
I.gen. plur. civitatium,
Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 51;
id. Leg. 2, 4, 9;
Caes. B. G. 4, 3;
5, 22;
Sall. C. 40, 2;
Liv. 1, 17, 4;
2, 6, 5;
33, 20, 11 Drak.; 42, 30, 6; 42, 44, 1; 45, 34, 1;
Vell. 2, 42, 2;
Quint. 2, 16, 4 N. cr.; Suet. Tit. 8 Oud.; Cornut. ap.
Charis. p. 100 P.; cf.
Varr. L. L. 8, § 66;
Prisc. p. 771 P.; Neue, Formenl. 1, 268), f. civis.
I. Abstr.,
the condition or privileges of a (Roman) citizen, citizenship, freedom of the city (upon its conditions, v. Zimmern, Rechtsgesch. 2, § 123 sq.; “
Dict. of Antiq. p. 260 sqq.): Cato, cum esset Tusculi natus, in populi romani civitatem susceptus est: ita, cum ortu Tusculanus esset, civitate Romanus, etc.,”
Cic. Leg. 2, 2, 5: “
donare aliquem civitate,”
id. Balb. 13, 20;
Suet. Caes. 24;
42;
76;
id. Aug. 47;
id. Tib. 51;
id. Ner. 24: “
dare civitatem alicui,”
Cic. Arch. 4, 7;
5, 10;
Liv. 1, 28, 7;
8, 14, 8;
Suet. Aug. 40;
id. Galb. 14: accipere aliquem in civitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35: “
adsciscere in civitatem,”
Liv. 6, 40, 4: “
ascribere aliquem in civitatem,”
Cic. Arch. 4, 6: “
aliquem foederatis civitatibus ascribere,”
id. ib. 4, 7: “
in aliis civitatibus ascriptus,”
id. ib. 5, 10: “
assequi,”
Tac. A. 11, 23: “
consequi,”
Cic. Balb. 13, 31: “
deponere,”
id. Caecin. 34, 100: “
decedere de civitate,”
id. Balb. 5, 11: “
dicare se civitati,”
id. ib. 11, 28: “
in civitatem,”
id. ib. 12, 30: “
eripere,”
id. Caecin. 34, 99: “
habere,”
id. Balb. 13, 31: “
impertiri civitatem,”
id. Arch. 5, 10: “
furari civitatem,”
id. Balb. 2, 5: “
petere,”
Suet. Caes. 8: “
Romanam assequi,”
Tac. A. 11, 23: “
adipisci,”
Suet. Aug. 40: “
Romanam usurpare,”
id. Calig. 38;
id. Claud. 25: “
amittere civitatem,”
Cic. Caecin. 34, 98: “
adimere,”
id. ib.;
Suet. Caes. 28: “
petere,”
id. ib. 8: “
negare,”
id. Aug. 40: “
jus civitatis,”
Cic. Caecin. 34, 98;
id. Arch. 5, 11: “
recipere aliquem in civitatem,”
id. Caecin. 34, 100;
id. Arch. 10,22;
id. Balb. 13, 31: “
relinquere,”
id. Caecin. 34, 100: “
retinere civitatem,”
id. Balb. 12, 30: “
retinere aliquem in civitate,”
id. Lig. 11, 33: “
ademptio civitatis,”
id. Dom. 30, 78: “
commemoratio,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 62, § 162: “
nomen,”
id. ib.: “
ereptor,”
id. Dom. 30, 81.—
B. Trop.: “
ut oratio Romana plane videatur, non civitate donata,”
Quint. 8, 1, 3; cf.: “
civitate Romanā donare agricolationem,”
Col. 1, 1, 12: “
verbum hoc a te civitate donatum,”
naturalized,
Gell. 19, 3, 3;
Sen. Ep. 120, 4;
id. Q. N. 5, 16, 4.—More freq.,
II. Concr.,
the citizens united in a community, the body - politic, the state, and as this consists of one city and its territory, or of several cities, it differs from urbs, i.e. the compass of the dwellings of the collected citizens; “
but sometimes meton., = urbs, v. B.: concilia coetusque hominum jure sociati, quae civitates appellantur,”
Cic. Rep. 6, 13, 13: “
tum conventicula hominum, quae postea civitates nominatae sunt, tum domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus, etc.,”
id. Sest. 42, 91; cf.: omnis populus, qui est talis coetus multitudinis, qualem exposui; omnis civitas, quae est constitutio populi; “
omnis res publica, quae populi res est, etc.,”
id. Rep. 1, 26, 41: “
quia sapiens non sum, nec haec urbs nec in eā civitas ... non dubitavisset, quin et Roma urbs (esset), et eam civitas incoleret,”
id. Ac. 2, 45, 137: “
aucta civitate magnitudine urbis,”
Liv. 1, 45, 1: “
Orgetorix civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 2 Oud.; so
id. ib. 1, 4; 1, 19; 1, 31; cf. Sisenn. ap.
Non. p. 429, 15: “
civitates aut nationes devictae,”
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35;
Sall. C. 31, 1;
Liv. 21, 1, 2: “
io triumphe non semel dicemus civitas omnis,”
Hor. C. 4, 2, 51; cf.
id. Epod. 16, 36 and 18: “
cum civitas in foro exspectatione erecta staret,”
Liv. 3, 47, 1; so
id. 2, 37, 5;
26, 18, 6;
34, 41, 1;
Tac. A. 3, 11;
Suet. Calig. 6;
id. Tib. 17;
42: “
civitates aut condere novas aut conservare jam conditas,”
Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12;
id. Sull. 9, 28;
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13;
1, 3, 5: “
omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 12: “
quae pars civitatis Helvetiae, etc.,”
id. ib.: “
non longe a Tolosatium finibus, quae civitas est in provinciā,”
id. ib. 1, 10: “
Ubii, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens,”
id. ib. 4, 3: “
Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica,”
Sall. C. 51, 5; cf.
id. J. 69, 3: “
Heraclea quae est civitas aequissimo jure ac foedere,”
Cic. Arch. 4, 6 et saep.: “
administrare civitatem,”
id. Off. 1, 25, 88: “
mutari civitatum status,”
id. Leg. 3, 14, 32; so, “
civitatis status,”
Quint. 6, 1, 16;
11, 1, 85: “
(legibus) solutis stare ipsa (civitas) non possit,”
id. 11, 1, 85: “
lege civitatis,”
id. 12, 10, 26; cf.
id. 5, 10, 25: “
mos civitatis,”
id. 10, 1, 107;
12, 3, 7;
1, 2, 2.—Of Plato's ideal republic: “
si in illā commenticiā Platonis civitate res ageretur,”
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230.—
B. Meton., = urbs,
a city (rare and mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic. or Cæs.): civitatem incendere, Enn. ap.
Non. p. 429, 5 (Trag. 382 Vahl.): “
cum errarem per totam civitatem,”
Petr. 8, 2; cf.
id. 8, 141 fin.: “
Lingonum,”
Tac. H. 1, 54;
1, 64: “
ab excidio civitatis,”
id. ib. 1, 63; “
1, 69: circumjectae civitates,”
id. ib. 3, 43: “
muri civitatis,”
id. ib. 4, 65;
id. A. 6, 42: “
pererrata nocturnis conversationibus,”
Sen. Ben. 6, 32, 1: “
expugnare civitatem,”
Quint. 8, 3, 67; cf.: “
expugnandae civitates,”
id. 12, 9, 2: “
plurimas per totum orbem civitates, terrae motu aut incendio afflictas restituit in melius,”
Suet. Vesp. 17; cf.
id. Tit. 8;
id. Tib. 84 fin.;
Lact. 2, 7, 19.—
2. Esp.,
the city, i. e.
Rome and its inhabitants,
Tac. H. 1, 19;
2, 92;
4, 2.
ferus
fĕrus , a, um, adj. cf. Gr. θήρ, Aeol. φήρ; Lat. ferox, etc.; v. ferio,
I.wild, untamed.
I. Lit., of animals and plants.
A. Adj. (syn. immanis, opp. cicur): “
quae vero et quam varia genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum!”
Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99; cf.: “
si hoc apparet in bestiis, volucribus, nantibus, agrestibus, cicuribus, feris,”
id. Lael. 21, 81: “
apes (opp. cicures),”
Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 19: “
immanes et ferae beluae,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 64, 161: “
fera et immanis belua,”
id. Ac. 2, 34, 108;
Nep. Dat. 3, 2;
Curt. 5, 4, 19;
Suet. Aug. 67: “
leones,”
Hor. Epod. 7, 12: “
equus,”
id. S. 1, 5, 57: “
caprae,”
Verg. A. 4, 152: “
palumbus,”
Plin. 30, 7, 20, § 60 et saep.: “
arbores,”
Plin. 14, 20, 25, § 127: “
oliva,”
Stat. Th. 6, 7: “
fructus,”
Verg. G. 2, 36: “
odor (with solitudinem redolens),”
disagreeable,
Plin. 12, 17, 37, § 76.—
B. Subst.
1. fĕrus , i, m.,
a wild animal,
wild beast (
poet.);
a lion,
Phaedr. 1, 21, 8;
a boar,
id. 4, 4, 3;
a horse,
Verg. A. 2, 51;
5, 818;
a stag,
id. ib. 7, 489;
a serpent,
Sil. 6, 268.—
2. fĕra , ae (sc. bestia), f.,
a wild animal,
wild beast (class.): “
immani et vastae insidens beluae, quocumque vult, inflectit illam feram,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 40; cf.
id. Rosc. Am. 26, 71: “
neque ulla re longius absumus a natura ferarum,”
id. Off. 1, 16, 50: “
ipsae ferae nullo insequente saepe incidunt (in plagas),”
id. ib. 3, 17, 68: “
multa in ea (silva Hercynia) genera ferarum nasci constat,”
Caes. B. G. 6, 25 fin.: “
neque homini neque ferae parcunt,”
id. ib. 6, 28, 2: “
formidolosae dum latent silvis ferae,”
Hor. Epod. 5, 55: “
more ferarum,”
id. S. 1, 3, 109: “
Romulea fera,”
the she-wolf that suckled Romulus,
Juv. 11, 104;
a sea-monster,
Ov. M. 4, 713;
719;
a serpent,
Hyg. Astr. 2, 42;
the ant,
Mart. 6, 15, 2; the constellations of the
Great and
Little Bear: “
magna minorque ferae,”
id. Tr. 4, 3, 1;
Vulg. Gen. 37, 20.— Prov.: ferae inter se placidae sunt, morsuque similium abstinent, Sen. de lra, 2, 8, 3.—
II. Transf., of places (syn. incultus): “
in locis feris arbores plura ferunt, in his, quae sunt culta, meliora,”
wild,
uncultivated,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7; cf.: ferus, ager incultus, Paul. ex
Fest. p. 86 Müll.: “
montes,”
Verg. E. 5, 28: “
silvae,”
Hor. S. 2, 6, 92.—
III. Trop.,
wild,
rude,
uncultivated; savage,
barbarous,
fierce,
cruel (syn.: immanis, agrestis, inhumanus; “
opp. mansuetus, humanus): ipsis in hominibus nulla gens est neque tam mansueta neque tam fera, quae non, etc.,”
Cic. Leg. 1, 8, 24; cf.: “
nulla gens tam fera, nemo omnium tam immanis, cujus, etc.,”
id. Tusc. 1, 13, 30;
id. Phil. 3, 9, 23: “
ex feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos,”
id. Inv. 1, 2, 2;
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 51: “
ferus atque agrestis,”
id. Rosc. Am. 27, 74: “
inhumani ac feri testes,”
id. Rep. 1, 37 fin.; cf.
Ter. And. 1, 5, 43: “
ferus et ferreus,”
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3: “
quam ferus et vere ferreus ille fuit!”
Tib. 1, 10, 2; “
v. ferreus: nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit,”
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 39: “
Britanni hospitibus feri,”
id. C. 3, 4, 33: “
Numantia,”
id. ib. 2, 12, 1: “
Iberia,”
id. ib. 4, 5, 27: “
animi hominum, studiis bellandi jam immanes ac feri,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 14; id. Fragm. ap.
Non. 342, 33 (Rep. 2, 23 ed. Mos.): “
ingenium immansuetum ferumque,”
Ov. M. 15, 85; cf.: “
(ostendere ejus) mores feros immanemque naturam,”
Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37: “
homines a fera agrestique vita ad hunc humanum cultum civilemque deducere,”
id. de Or. 1, 8, 33: “
victus,”
id. Inv. 1, 2, 2: “
moenera militiaï,”
Lucr. 1, 29: “
munera belli,”
id. 1, 32: “
hiems,”
Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 42; cf.: “
diluvies,”
Hor. C. 3, 29, 40: “
sacra (of death by sacrifice),”
Ov. M. 13, 454: “
dolores lenire requie,”
id. ib. 13, 317.—With
supine: ferum visu dictuque (=
δεινὸν ἰδεῖν καὶ λέγειν),
Sil. 1, 175.—No
comp. or
sup.
genero
gĕnĕro , āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. genus,
I.to beget, procreate, engender, produce, create; in pass., to spring or descend from.
I. Lit. (class.): “
hominem generavit et ornavit deus,”
Cic. Leg. 1, 9, 27: isque (Capys) pium ex se Anchisen generat, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad
Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 32 Vahl.): “
Oebalus, quem generasse Telon Sebethide nymphā Fertur,”
Verg. A. 7, 734: “
unde nil majus generatur ipso (Jove),”
Hor. C. 1, 12, 17: “
Herculis stirpe generatus,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 12: “
homines hominum causa esse generatos,”
id. Off. 1, 7, 22: “
ita generati a natura sumus, ut, etc.,”
id. ib. 1, 29, 103; cf.
id. Rep. 6, 15: “
a quo (deo) populum Romanum generatum accepimus,”
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5: “
ab origine ultima stirpis Romanae generatus,”
Nep. Att. 1: “
Tros est generatus ab illo,”
Ov. F. 4, 33: “
fuit Argolico generatus Alemone quidam Myscelos,”
id. M. 15, 19: “
Trojā generatus Acestes,”
Verg. A. 5, 61: “
mulos (antiqui vocabant) quos asini et equae generarent,”
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 172: “
quale portentum ... nec Jubae tellus generat,”
Hor. C. 1, 22, 15: “
terram tanto prius animalia generare coepisse,”
Just. 2, 1 fin.: “
atque aliam ex alia generando suffice prolem,”
Verg. G. 3, 65: “
(mundus) semperne fuerit, nullo generatus ortu: an, etc.,”
Cic. Univ. 2: “
semina, unde essent omnia orta, generata, concreta,”
id. Tusc. 5, 24, 69; cf.: “
semina generantia ranas,”
Ov. M. 15, 375: “
terra et hos (rubos) generat,”
Quint. 9, 4, 5: “
terra generandis alendisque seminibus fecundior,”
id. 10, 3, 2: “
e gramine, quod in eo loco generatum esset, etc.,”
Gell. 5, 6, 9: “
generandi gloria mellis,”
Verg. G. 4, 205: “
ignibus generandis nutriendisque soli ipsius naturalis materia,”
Just. 4, 1.—
Absol.: “
asina generare coepit,”
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 172.—
II. Trop. (perh. only post-Aug.).
A. In gen.: “
cetera forsitan tenuis quoque et angusta ingenii vena ... generare atque ad frugem aliquam perducere queat,”
Quint. 6, 2, 3: “
verecundia vitium quidem, sed quae virtutes facillime generet,”
id. 12, 5, 2;
Dig. 25, 3, 7: “
peccatum generat mortem,”
Vulg. Jacob. 1, 15.—
B. In partic.,
to bring forth,
produce, of mental productions: “
quae (aetates) nihil dum ipsae ex se generare queunt,”
Quint. 1, 1, 36: “
cum generabit ipse aliquid atque componet,”
id. 1, 12, 12;
8, 6, 32; cf.
id. 10, 2, 5: “
similiter decurrentium spatiorum observatione esse generatum (poëma),”
id. 9, 4, 114; cf.
Suet. Ner. 52.
obtineo
ob-tĭnĕo (opt- ), tĭnŭi, tentum, 2 (old
I. Act. *
B. To hold, have, occupy, possess; to preserve, keep, maintain, etc. (class.).
1. In gen.: sancte Apollo, qui umbilicum certum terrarum obtines, Poët. ap.
Cic. Div. 2, 56, 115 (Trag. Rel. p. 201 Rib.): “
suam quisque domum tum obtinebat,”
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48: “
armis Galliam atque Italiam,”
Liv. 30, 19: “
cum imperio Hispaniam citeriorem,”
to have as his province,
to be governor in it,
Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 2: “
Galliam et Italiam,”
Liv. 30, 19: “
Africam,”
Nep. Timol. 2, 4; cf.: “
ex quā insulā nummus nullus, me obtinente, erogabitur,”
during my administration,
Cic. Att. 5, 21, 7: QVEI AERARIVM PROVINCIAM OBTINEBIT,
who will have the administration of the public treasure, Lex Thor. § 20 Rudorff. p. 168; “
Lex de Scribis ap. Haubold, p. 85: necessitudinem cum publicanis,”
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 35: “
vitam et famam,”
to preserve,
id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49: “
auctoritatem suam,”
to maintain,
id. ib. 48, 139: “
principatum,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 3: “
regnum,”
id. ib. 1, 7: “
jus,”
to assert,
maintain,
Tac. A. 1, 32: “
causam,”
Caes. B. G. 7, 37, 4: “
noctem insequentem eadem caligo obtinuit,”
occupied,
took up,
prevailed during,
Liv. 29, 27: “
quae (fama) plerosque obtinet,”
Sall. J. 17, 7: “
proverbii locum obtinet,” i. e.
is become proverbial,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36: “
parentis gravitatem,”
id. Sull. 6, 19: “
numerum deorum,”
to be numbered among,
id. N. D. 3, 20, 51; so, “
aliquem numerum,”
id. Brut. 47, 175; cf.
id. Off. 2, 12, 43: summam opinionem m scholis,
Quint. 10, 5, 18: “
admirationem,”
to be admired,
Plin. 34, 2, 2, § 2: “
patriae nomen,”
id. 15, 18, 19, § 69: “
firmitudinem animi,” i. e.
exhibited,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 54: “
pontem,”
would not yield,
Liv. 2, 10: “
silentiam,”
to maintain,
id. 1, 16.—With
inf.,
to persist in: “
earumque artem et disciplinam obtineat colere,”
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 30.—
2. In partic., of speech,
to assert,
maintain, i. e.
to show,
prove,
demonstrate: “
possumus hoc teste ... quod dicimus, obtinere?”
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 168: “
duas contrarias sententias,”
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78: “
diu pugnare in iis, quae obtinere non possis,”
Quint. 6, 4, 15: “
recta apud turpes,”
id. 3, 8, 38: “
quaedam (leges) an obtineri possint,”
id. 2, 4, 39;
6, 1, 7: “
quod orator praecipue sibi obtinendum intellegit,”
id. 3, 6, 9 Spald.
N. cr. (al. proponendum); cf.
id. 12, 10, 53: “
si defecerint omnia, tum videndum erit, an obtineri possit, ne illud quidem recte factum,”
id. 5, 13, 24;
2, 5, 18.—
C. To get possession of; to gain, acquire, obtain something (syn.: assequor, adipiscor, impetro; “
class.): quanta instrumenta habeat (homo) ad obtinendam adipiscendamque sapientiam,”
Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 59: “
impetrare et obtinere,”
Gell. 12, 14, 6;
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 5: “
malas causas semper obtinuit, in optimā concidit,”
gained,
id. Att. 7, 25, 1; cf.
id. Rosc. Com. 4, 10: “
jus suum contra aliquem,”
id. Quint. 9, 34: “
Romani si rem obtinuerint,”
if they gained the victory,
Caes. B. G. 7, 85: voluimus quaedam; “
obtenta non sunt,”
Cic. Balb. 27, 61: “
apud eum causam obtinuit,”
Caes. B. G. 7, 37: “
aditu regis obtento,”
Just. 21, 6, 5.—Hence,
to conquer,
overcome (eccl. Lat.): “
melius est ut pugnemus contra eos in campestribus, et obtinebimus eos,”
Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 23; 20, 25; id. Judith, 1, 5.—
II. Neutr. (cf. teneo, II.),
to maintain itself; to hold, prevail, last, stand, continue, obtain (not in Cic.): “
quod et plures tradidere auctores et fama obtinuit,”
Liv. 21, 46, 10; cf. with a
subject-clause: pro vero antea obtinebat, regna atque imperia Fortunam dono dare, Sall. Rep. Ordin.
init.: “
non ipsos quoque fuisse pastores obtinebit, quod? etc.,”
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9: “
si dissentirent, sententia plurium obtineret,”
would prevail,
Dig. 42, 1, 36: “
quod merito obtinuit,”
ib. 2, 4, 4.—
Absol.: “
obtinuit (sc. consuetudo),”
Dig. 1, 13, 1.—With
de: quia de intercalando non obtinuerat, Cael. ap.
Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5.—With
ut or
ne: “
his obtinuit, ut praeferretur candidato,”
Liv. 35, 10;
Suet. Claud. 41: “
obtinuit, ne reus fieret,”
id. Caes. 23.—With
quin,
Suet. Tib. 31.
fundo, fundere
fundo , fūdi, fūsum, 3, v. a. root FUD; Gr. ΧΥ, χεϝ-, in χέω, χεύσω; “Lat. futis, futtilis, ec-futio, re-futo, etc.,” Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. p. 204 sq.,
I.to pour, pour out, shed.
I. Lit., of fluids.
1. In gen.: “
(natura terram) sucum venis cogebat fundere apertis Consimilem lactis, etc.,”
Lucr. 5, 812: “
sanguinem e patera,”
Cic. Div. 1, 23, 46: “
novum liquorem (i. e. vinum) de patera,”
Hor. C. 1, 31, 3: “
vina paterā in aras,”
Ov. M. 9, 160; cf.: “
vinum inter cornua,”
id. ib. 7, 594: “
vinum super aequora,”
id. ib. 11, 247: “
duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho Fundit humi,”
Verg. A. 5, 78: “
laticem urnis,”
Ov. M. 3, 172: “
lacrimas,”
Verg. A. 3, 348: cf. Ov. M. 5, 540: “
fundit Anigros aquas,”
pours out,
id. ib. 15, 282: “
parumne fusum est Latini sanguinis?”
shed,
spilt,
Hor. Epod. 7, 4: “
sanguine ob rem publicam fuso,”
Sall. H. Fr. 2, 96, 2 Dietsch: “
sanguinem de regno (i. e. propter regnum),”
Curt. 10, 5.—Mid.: “
memorandum, in septem lacus eum (Strymonem) fundi,”
discharges itself,
Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38: “
ingentibus procellis fusus imber,”
pouring,
Liv. 6, 8, 7;
6, 32, 6; cf.: “
sanguis in corporibus fusus,”
Cic. de Or. 2, 77, 310.—
2. In partic.
a. Of metals,
to make by melting,
to melt,
cast,
found: “
exolevit fundendi aeris pretiosi ratio,”
Plin. 34, 2, 3, § 5; cf.
id. 34, 7, 18, § 46: “
caldarium (aes) funditur tantum, malleis fragile,”
id. 34, 8, 20, § 94: “
aere fuso,”
id. 34, 11, 24, § 107: “
vitrum,”
id. 34, 14, 42, § 148: “
glandes, Auct. B. Afr. 20, 3: Theodorus ipse se ex aere fudit,”
Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 83: “
ne statuam quidem inchoari, cum ejus membra fundentur,”
Quint. 2, 1, 12: “
fusis omnibus membris (statuae),”
id. 7 praef. § 2: “
olim quaerere amabam, Quid sculptum infabre, quid fusum durius esset,”
Hor. S. 2, 3, 22.—*
b. In medic. lang.: aliquem, to cause one to have fluid stools, to relax the bowels (opp. comprimere): si compresserit aliquem morbus aut fuderit, Cels. praef. med.; cf. under P. a.—
B. Transf.
2. Of things non-fluid.
a. In gen.,
to pour forth in abundance, to scatter, cast, hurl; to spread, extend, diffuse: “
desectam cum stramento segetem corbibus fudere in Tiberim,”
Liv. 2, 5, 3: “
picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant,”
Caes. B. G. 7, 24, 4: “
tela,”
Val. Fl. 3, 243: “
sagittam,”
Sil. 7, 647: “
(solis) radios per opaca domorum,”
Lucr. 2, 115: “
quas (maculas) incuria fudit,”
has scattered,
Hor. A. P. 352: “
fundunt se carcere laeti Thraces equi,”
pour themselves forth,
rush out,
Val. Fl. 1, 611: “
se cuncta manus ratibus,”
id. 2, 662: “
littera fundens se in charta,”
Plin. 13, 12, 25, § 81: “
luna se fundebat per fenestras,”
Verg. A. 3, 152.—Mid.: “
ne (vitis) in omnes partes nimia fundatur,”
spread out,
Cic. de Sen. 15, 52: “
homines fusi per agros ac dispersi,”
Cic. Sest. 42, 91.—
b. In partic.
(α). With the accessory notion of production,
to bring forth,
bear or
produce (in abundance): “
crescunt arbusta et fetus in tempore fundunt,”
Lucr. 1, 351; cf.: “
terra feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere, quae cum maxima largitate fundit,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156: “
flores aut fruges aut bacas,”
id. Tusc. 5, 13, 37: “
frugem,”
id. de Sen. 15, 51: “
plus materiae (vites),”
Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 192: “
cum centesimo Leontini campi fundunt,”
id. 18, 10, 21, § 95: “
facile illa (piscium ova) aqua et sustinentur et fetum fundunt,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 129: “
(terra) animal prope certo tempore fudit Omne,”
Lucr. 5, 823; cf.
ib. 917: “
fudit equum magno tellus percussa tridenti,”
Verg. G. 1, 13: “
Africa asinorum silvestrium multitudinem fundit,”
Plin. 8, 30, 46, § 108: quae te beluam ex utero, non hominem fudit, Cic. Pis.
init.;
Verg. A. 8, 139, v. Forbig. ad h. l.—
(β). With the secondary notion of depth or downward direction,
to throw or
cast to the ground,
to prostrate: “
(victi hostes) et de jugis, quae ceperant, funduntur,”
Liv. 9, 43, 20: “
nec prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor Corpora (cervorum) fundat humi,”
Verg. A. 1, 193; cf.
Ov. M. 13, 85;
Sil. 4, 533: “
aliquem arcu,”
Val. Fl. 1, 446.—In middle force: “
fundi in alga,”
to lie down,
Val. Fl. 1, 252.—Esp. freq. milit. t. t.,
overthrow,
overcome,
rout,
vanquish an enemy: “
hostes nefarios prostravit, fudit, occidit,”
Cic. Phil. 14, 10, 27; cf.: “
exercitus caesus fususque,”
id. ib. 14, 1, 1: “
aliquos caedere, fundere atque fugare,”
Sall. J. 58, 3: “
Gaetulos,”
id. ib. 88, 3: “
classes fusae fugataeque,”
id. ib. 79, 4; cf.: “
si vi fudisset cecidissetque hostes,”
Liv. 35, 1, 8: “
hostes de jugis,”
id. 9, 43, 20: “
Gallos de delubris vestris,”
id. 6, 16, 2: “
eas omnes copias a se uno proelio fusas ac superatas esse,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 8; cf.: “
Massilienses crebris eruptionibus fusi,”
id. B. C. 2, 22, 1: “
Latini ad Veserim fusi et fugati,”
Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112;
Liv. 2, 6 fin.: “
quatuor exercitus Carthaginiensium fudi, fugavi, Hispania expuli,”
id. 28, 28, 9; cf. Drak. on 38, 53, 2; “
less freq. in a reversed order: alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque,”
Sall. J. 21, 2;
Vell. 2, 46 fin.: omnibus hostium copiis fusis armisque exutis,
Caes. B. G. 3, 6, 3: “
magnas copias hostium fudit,”
Cic. Mur. 9, 20: “
Sabinos equitatu fudit,”
id. Rep. 2, 20: “
Armeniorum copias,”
id. Arch. 9, 21: “
maximas copias parva manu,”
Sall. C. 7, 7.
II. Trop.
A. Ingen.,
to pour out or
forth,
to spread out,
extend,
display: “
imago de corpore fusa,”
Lucr. 4, 53: “
animam moribundo corpore fudit,”
id. 3, 1033; cf.
id. 3, 700: “
concidit ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit,”
Verg. A. 2, 532: “
circuli (appellantur), quod mixta farina et caseo et aqua circuitum aequabiliter fundebant,”
poured out,
spread out,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 106: “
quem secutus Cicero hanc famam latius fudit,”
Quint. 11, 2, 14; cf.
id. 10, 5, 11: “
cum vero causa ea inciderit, in qua vis eloquentiae possit expromi: tum se latius fundet orator,”
will display himself,
Cic. Or. 36, 125: “
superstitio, fusa per gentes,”
id. Div. 2, 72 init.; cf.
Quint. 11, 3, 84: “
neque se tanta in eo (Cicerone) fudisset ubertas,”
id. 12, 2, 23: “
fundet opes, Latiumque beabit divite lingua,”
riches of expression,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 121. —Mid.: “
quamquam negant, nec virtutes nec vitia crescere: tamen utrumque eorum fundi quodammodo et quasi dilatari putant,”
to be diffused,
Cic. Fin. 3, 15, 48; cf.: “
modo virtus latius funditur,”
Sen. Ep. 74, 27; and: “
semper ex eo, quod maximas partes continet latissimeque funditur, tota res appellatur,”
id. 5, 30, 92: “
saepe in amplificanda re funditur numerose et volubiliter oratio,”
id. Or. 62, 210.—
B. In partic., of speech,
to pour forth,
utter: “
per quam (arteriam) vox principium a mente ducens percipitur et funditur,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149; cf.: “
e quibus elici vocem et fundi videmus,”
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 56: “
inanes sonos,”
id. ib. 5, 26, 73 (for which: “
inani voce sonare,”
id. Fin. 2, 15, 48): “
sonum,”
id. Ac. 2, 23, 74: “
verba poëtarum more (opp. ratione et arte distinguere),”
id. Fin. 4, 4, 10: “
versus hexametros aliosque variis modis atque numeris ex tempore,”
id. de Or. 3, 50, 194; cf.: “
grave plenumque carmen,”
id. Tusc. 1, 26, 64: “
tam bonos septenarios ad tibiam,”
id. ib. 1, 44, 107: “
physicorum oracula,”
id. N. D. 1, 26, 66: “
has ore loquelas,”
Verg. A. 5, 842: “
preces pectore ab imo,”
id. ib. 6, 55; so, “
preces,”
id. ib. 5, 234;
Hor. Epod. 17, 53: “
mera mendacia,”
Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 33: “
jam tu verba fundis hic, sapientia?”
you waste,
Ter. Ad. 5, 2, 7: “
opprobria rustica,”
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 146: “
iras inanes,”
Val. Fl. 3, 697: “
vehemens et liquidus puroque simillimus amni Fundet opes,”
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 121: “
preces,”
App. M. 11, p. 258, 4;
Tac. A. 14, 30;
Aug. in Psa. 25, 10 al.—Hence,
fūsus , a, um, P. a.,
spread out,
extended,
broad,
large,
copious,
diffuse.
A. Lit.: “
(aër) tum fusus et extenuatus sublime fertur, tum autem concretus in nubes cogitur,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 101: fusior alvus, i. e.
more relaxed (opp. astrictior),
Cels. 1, 3 med.: “
toga (opp. restricta),”
wide,
full,
Suet. Aug. 73: “
Gallorum fusa et candida corpora,”
full,
plump,
Liv. 38, 21, 9: “
campi in omnem partem,”
extended,
Verg. A. 6, 440; cf.: “
non fusior ulli Terra fuit domino,”
a broader,
larger kingdom,
Luc. 4, 670.—
B. Trop.,
copious,
diffuse; flowing,
free: “
genus sermonis non liquidum, non fusum ac profluens,”
Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159; cf.: “
constricta an latius fusa narratio,”
Quint. 2, 13, 5: “
materia abundantior atque ultra quam oporteat fusa,”
id. 2, 4, 7: “
ut illud, quod ad omnem honestatem pertinet, decorum, quam late fusum sit, appareat,”
Cic. Off. 1, 28, 98; cf.
Quint. 11, 1, 5: “
(vox) in egressionibus fusa et securae claritatis (opp. contracta),”
unrestrained,
free,
id. 11, 3, 64: “
periodus,”
id. 9, 4, 128: “
fusiores liberioresque numeri,”
id. 130: “
lingua Graeca prolixior fusiorque quam nostra,”
Gell. 2, 26, 7: “
in locis ac descriptionibus fusi ac fluentes,”
Quint. 9, 4, 138: “
plenior Aeschines et magis fusus,”
id. 10, 1, 77: “
dulcis et candidus et fusus Herodotus (opp. densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides),”
id. 10, 1, 73.—
Sup. seems not to occur.—
Adv.:
fūse . *
2. (Acc. to B.)
Copiously,
at length,
diffusely: “
quae fuse olim disputabantur ac libere, ea nunc articulatim distincteque dicuntur,”
Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 36: “
multa dicere fuse lateque,”
id. Tusc. 4, 26, 57: “
fuse lateque dicendi facultas,”
id. Or. 32, 113: “
fuse et copiose augere et ornate aliquid (opp. brevia et acuta),”
id. Fin. 3, 7, 26.—
Comp.: “
haec cum uberius disputantur et fusius (opp. brevius angustiusque concluduntur),”
Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20: “
fusius et ornatius rem exponere,”
Quint. 4, 2, 128.—
Sup. seems not to occur.
sacer
săcer , să_cra, să_crum (ante-class. collat. form sacer, sacris, sacre; plur.:
I.“
sacres porci,”
Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 16;
id. Rud. 4, 6, 4;
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 20;
4, 16;
sing. acc.: sacrem porcum, Fest. s. h. v. p. 318 Müll.), adj. root sa-; Gr.
σάος, σῶος, safe; whence Lat. sānus,
dedicated or consecrated to a divinity, holy, sacred, =
ἱερός (cf.: sanctus, augustus): Gallus Aelius ait, sacrum esse quocumque modo atque instituto civitatis consecratum sit, sive aedis, sive ara, sive signum, sive locus, sive pecunia, sive quid aliud quod dis dedicatum atque consecratum sit, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.; cf.: “
quicquid destinatum est diis, sacrum vocatur,”
Macr. S. 3, 7: “
sacrae (res) sunt quae diis superis consecratae sunt: religiosae quae diis manibus relictae sunt,”
Gai. Inst. 2, 3.
I. In gen.
(α). Absol.: “
quicquam (opp. profanum),”
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27;
id. Trin. 2, 2, 8; cf.: “
aedificiis omnibus, publicis privatis sacris profanis, sic pepercit, etc.,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 129; so, “
locus sacer et profanus,”
id. Inv. 1, 26, 38;
Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7;
Quint. 5, 10, 38: “
miscebis sacra profanis,”
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 54;
id. A. P. 397;
Nep. Them. 6, 5;
Sall. C. 11, 6: “
villae signis et tabulis refertae partim publicis partim etiam sacris et religiosis,”
Cic. Leg. 3, 13, 31; so (with religiosus)
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 127;
Suet. Tib. 61: “
mores autem rapere properant quā sacrum quā puplicum,”
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 37: “
(legum) genera sunt tria, sacri, publici, privati juris,”
Quint. 2, 4, 33; cf. in the
sup.: “
deprecor hoc unum per jura sacerrima lecti,”
Ov. H. 9, 159: “
aedes,”
Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 5;
Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1;
Quint. 4, 2, 8;
Ov. M. 14, 315: “
lucus late sacer,”
Verg. A. 5, 761: “
arvum Martis,”
Ov. M. 7, 101: “
ara,”
Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20: “
aurum,”
Liv. 5, 50; cf. “
pecunia (opp. privata),”
Quint. 4, 2, 8: “
arma,”
Liv. 24, 21: “
tus,”
Ov. M. 14, 130: “
sanguis (of the sacrificial victim),”
Cat. 68, 75: “
ales (so called from its use in augury),”
Verg. A. 11, 721: “
luces (with profestae),”
Hor. C. 4, 15, 25; cf. “
dies (with religiosus),”
Suet. Tib. 61: “
tempus,”
Hor. C. S. 4: “
commissum,”
a crime against religion,
Cic. Leg. 2, 9 et saep.—
Poet.: vitis (as sacred to Bacchus), Enn. ap.
Charis. p. 214 P. (Trag. v. 149 Vahl.);
Hor. C. 1, 18, 1; so, “
laurus,”
id. ib. 3, 4, 18;
Verg. A. 7, 60: “
robur,”
Ov. M. 8, 752: “
aqua,”
Hor. C. 1, 1, 22: “
fontes,”
Ov. M. 2, 464;
Verg. E. 1, 53: “
focus,”
Hor. Epod. 2, 43: “
Tarentum,”
id. C. 1, 28, 29: “
fines,”
Sil. 3, 501; cf. “
montes (the Alps, because not to be ascended by men),”
id. 4, 70; “
vates (because dedicated to Apollo),”
Hor. C. 4, 9, 28;
Tib. 2, 5, 113; cf.: “
sacer interpresque deorum Orpheus,”
Hor. A. P. 391; “
and (for sanctus) of the divinity itself: Vesta,”
Prop. 3, 4 (4, 3), 11; so, “
Cybebe,”
id. 3 (4), 22, 3 (but in
Liv. 3, 19: ut sacrosancti habeantur, quibus ipsi dii neque sacri neque sancti sunt, so used only on account of the lusus verbb. with sacrosancti; “
v. the context).—Sacer Mons,”
a hill about three miles from Rome,
beyond the Anio,
and on the right of the Via Nomentana,
to which the Roman people retired during their controversy with the Senate,
Liv. 2, 32;
3, 52;
Cic. Rep. 2, 37, 63;
id. Brut. 14, 54: “
os sacrum, quod imum ventrem sustinet,”
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4: Sacra Via, or (
poet.) Sacer Clivus,
a street in Rome leading from the Forum to the Capitol,
Cic. Planc. 7, 17;
id. Att. 4, 3, 3;
Hor. S. 1, 9, 1;
id. C. 4, 2, 35;
Mart. 1, 70, 5; “
v. also via, I. A. 2.: sacer morbus,”
the epilepsy,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4: “
sacer lapis,”
a stone landmark,
a mere-stone,
Liv. 41, 13: os sacrum, anatom. t. t., = Gr.
ἱερὸν ὀστέον, the lowest bone of the spine,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, 24: “
litterae sacrae (eccl. Lat.),”
the Scriptures,
Vulg. 2 Tim. 3, 15.—For its combinations with ignis, via, etc., v. those words.—
(β). With
gen. (class.): “
ego te sacram coronam surripuisse scio Jovis,”
Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 38; so, “
urna Veneris,”
id. Rud. 2, 5, 16 (for which: “
urna Veneria,”
id. ib. 2, 5, 18): “
Dianae celebris dies,”
Hor. C. 2, 12, 20: “
sepulcrum Batti veteris,”
Cat. 7, 6; cf.
Plin. 8, 21, 31, § 76.—As a predicate: terra, ut focus domiciliorum, sacra deorum omnium est (a transl. of the Platon.
Γῆ ἱερὰ πάντων θεῶν),
Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45: “
illa insula (sc. Delos) eorum deorum sacra putatur,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48.—
(γ). With dat. (mostly
poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. “
infra, II. A.): sacra Jovi quercus,”
Ov. M. 7, 623: “
esculus Jovi sacra,”
Plin. 16, 4, 5, § 11: “
Nymphis cervus,”
Ov. M. 10, 109: “
Cereri Polyphoetes (as a priest),”
Verg. A. 6, 484: “
pugionem templo Salutis detraxerat gestabatque velut magno operi sacrum,”
Tac. A. 15, 53: “
cupressus Diti sacra,”
Plin. 16, 33, 60, § 139: “
aesculus Jovi,”
id. 16, 4, 5, § 11.—As a predicate: “
Jani mensis, Qui sacer est imis Manibus,”
Ov. F. 2, 52, quercus antiqua, quae erat Marti sacra,
Suet. Vesp. 5 (al. sacrata).—
B. Transf., in gen.,
holy,
sacred,
awful,
venerable (not till after the Aug. per., and very rare): “
silentium,”
Hor. C. 2, 13, 29: “
laedere amantes,”
Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 11: “
lingua (Ciceronis),”
Mart. 5, 69, 7: Maro, id. 8. 56, 3: “
quaedam patris memoria,”
Quint. 11, 1, 59: “
O sacer et magnus vatum labor,”
Luc. 9, 983: “
heu sacri vatum errores,”
Sil. 8, 100.—So used of the emperors; “
disapproved of by Tiberius: (Tiberius) alium dicentem sacras ejus occupationes verba mutare et pro sacris laboriosas dicere coëgit,”
Suet. Tib. 27.—But soon after Tiberius in general use: “
auris Caesaris,”
Mart. 7, 99, 4: “
sacri lateris custos,”
id. 6, 76, 1: “
apud aures sacras mentitus est,”
Amm. 28, 6, 26 (cf.: “
se Imperatori mentitum,”
id. 28, 6, 26, § 21); and hence, for
ecclesiastical: domus, comitatus, scrinia, largitiones, etc., in the law books et saep.
II. In partic., with a bad accessory signif., devoted to a divinity for destruction, forfeited; and absol., accursed, criminal, impious, wicked.
(α). With
dat.: si quisquam aliuta faxit, ipsos Jovi sacer esto, Lex Numae ap.
Fest. p. 6 Müll.; cf.: ut caput ejus Jovi sacrum esset, an ancient plebiscitum ap.
Liv. 3, 55, 7: “
non alienum videtur, de condicione eorum hominum referre, quos leges sacros esse certis diis jubent, quod, cum cetera sacra violari nefas sit, hominem sacrum jus fuerit occidi, etc.,”
Macr. S. 3, 7.—
(β). Absol.: homo sacer is est, quem populus judicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari; sed qui occidit, parricidii non damnatur. Nam lege tribuniciā primā cavetur: si quis eum, qui eo plebei scito sacer sit, occiderit, parricida ne sit. Ex quo quivis homo malus atque improbus sacer appellari solet, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.: PATRONVS SI CLIENTI FRAVDEM FECERIT SACER ESTO, LEX XII. Tab. ap.
Serv. Verg. A. 6, 609; “
in imitation: uter aedilis fuerit, etc. ... is intestabilis et sacer esto,”
Hor. S. 2, 3, 181: “
eum, qui cuiquam nocuerit, sacrum sanciri,”
Liv. 3, 55.—
B. Transf., in gen., accursed, execrable, detestable, horrible, infamous, etc. (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
a. Of persons: “
ego sum malus, Ego sum sacer, scelestus,”
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 14; Afran. ap.
Non. 397, 22 (with malus);
Lucil. ib. 397, 27.—
Sup.,
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 67: “
homo sacerrimus,”
id. Poen. prol. 90;
id. Rud. 1, 2, 69; Turp. ap.
Non. 397, 29 (with pessimus). —
b. Of things: sacerrimum domicilium, Turp. ap.
Non. 397, 30: “
di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum,”
Cat. 14, 12: “
hircus alarum,”
id. 71, 1: “
auri fames,”
Verg. A. 3, 57 (for which: “
aurum fame,”
Plin. 33, 1, 3, § 6: “
venenum (Medeae),”
Val. Fl. 7, 165: “
nox,”
id. 8, 25: “
arma metu,”
id. 4, 185; cf. “
pavor,”
id. 1, 798: “
insania,”
Stat. Th. 10, 804: “
morbus,” i. e.
epilepsy,
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4.—With
dat.: “
ut immerentis fluxit in terram Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor,”
Hor. Epod. 7, 20.—
Comp. and adv. do not appear (as for the
comp. v.
Varr. L. L. 8, § 77 Müll.).—Hence,
subst.:
să_crum , i, n.,
something consecrated; a holy or
sacred thing,
a sacred vessel or
utensil; a sanctuary,
a temple; a religious act,
a sacrifice, etc.; in plur. in gen.,
sacred rites,
religious worship,
religion (both of the State and of single races and families; and even of individuals; v. infra,
β; class.; most freq. in plur.).
A. Lit.
(α). Sing.: “
sacrum sacrove commendatum qui cleperit rapsitque parricida esto,”
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22: “
ubi sacro manus sis admolitus,”
Plaut. As. 3, 2, 24: “
omne sacrum rapiente dextrā,”
Hor. C. 3, 3, 52: “
metuens velut contingere sacrum,”
id. S. 2, 3, 110: “
apud Cluacinae sacrum,”
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 10;
Quint. 1, 4, 6: “
Minervae,”
Dict. Cret. 5, 12 fin.: “
theatrum veluti quoddam illius sacri templum vocabimus,”
Quint. 3, 8, 29: quae (sacerdos Cereris) Graecum illud sacrum monstraret et faceret,
Cic. Balb. 24, 55: “
sacrum Herculi facere,”
Liv. 1, 7: “
facere Junoni,”
Prop. 4 (5), 9, 43. “
facto per Magos sacro,”
Suet. Ner. 34: “
sollemne sacrum conficere,”
Flor. 1, 13, 16: “
ita se habet sacrum (Suovetaurilia),”
Quint. 1, 5, 67: “
arma lecta conici in acervum jussit consul sacrumque id Vulcano cremavit,”
Liv. 41, 12: “
sacrum piaculare fieri,”
id. 29, 19: “
sollemne Apollinis sacrum,”
Suet. Aug. 94;
Ov. M. 12, 33: “
pyrā sacri sub imagine factā,”
id. ib. 14, 80: “
nec de lucernā fas est accendi sacrum,”
Phaedr. 4, 11, 13: “
neve initianto, nisi ut assolet, Cereri, Graeco sacro,”
according to the Grecian rites,
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 21; cf.: “
vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum Vulgarit arcanae,”
Hor. C. 3, 2, 26: “
morientibus operire (oculos) rursusque in rogo patefacere, Quiritium ritu sacrum est,”
Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150: “
in sacro est,”
id. 18, 12, 30, § 118.—
(β). Plur.: sacra deosque penates .. ex aedibus suis eripuisse dixit,
sacred vessels or
utensils,
holy things,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 13; cf.
Liv. 5, 40: “
sacra omnia proferre, Auct. B. Alex. 32, 3: portabant canistris,”
Ov. M. 2, 713: “
Troïa,”
Tib. 2, 5, 40: “
velut qui Junonis sacra ferret,”
Hor. S. 1, 3, 11; cf. “
of the same,”
Verg. A. 2, 293;
2, 717 Heyne;
Ov. F. 1, 527;
id. H. 7, 80;
7, 158: “
cumque suis penetralia sacris,” i. e.
the images of the gods,
Penates,
id. M. 1, 287: “
jactata aequoribus sacra,”
Hor. C.4,4,54: “
pueri Sacra canunt,”
sacred songs,
Verg. A. 2, 239; cf.
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 19: “
sacra ordine in mensā Penatium deorum Ponuntur,”
sacred gifts,
offerings,
Naev. B. Pun. 1, 11: “
neve ulla vitiorum sacra sollemnia obeunto,”
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19: “
sicut in sollemnibus sacris fieri consuevit,”
Sall. C. 22, 2: “
qui (Mercurius) sacris anniversariis coleretur,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 39, § 84 (for which: “
sacrificiis anniversariis colebatur,”
id. ib. 2, 4, 57, § “
128: sacris e principum numero pontifices quinque praefecit,”
id. Rep. 2, 14, 26: “
(Romulus) sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi facit,”
Liv. 1, 7; cf.: “
sacra Jovi facturus erat,”
Ov. M. 3, 26: “
sacra Jovi Stygio Perficere,”
Verg. A. 4, 638: “
ipse (Numa) plurima sacra obibat,”
Liv. 1, 20: “
densi circumstant sacra ministri,”
Ov. M. 2, 717: “
arcana sacra,”
Hor. Epod. 5, 52;
Ov. M. 10, 436: “
fera,”
id. ib. 13, 454: “
nefanda,”
id. ib. 10, 228: “
mystica,”
id. H. 2, 42: “
horrida,”
Sil. 3, 140: “
veneranda,”
id. 7, 382: “
casta,”
Stat. Achill. 1, 370.
a. Divine worship or
religion in gen.: publica sacra, quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt, quaeque pro montibus, pagis, curiis, sacellis: at privata, quae pro singulis hominibus, familiis, gentibus fiunt, Fest. pp. 244 and 245 Müll.;
Liv. 5, 52: “
quo foedere (Romulus) et Sabinos in civitatem ascivit, sacris communicatis,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 13: “
quod per populum errari fas non erat propter religionem sacrorum,”
id. Agr. 2, 7, 18; so, “
religio sacrorum,”
id. Fl. 28, 69: “
sacra Cereris conficere,”
id. Balb. 24, 55; so, “
Cereris,”
Hor. S. 2, 8, 14 (cf. supra,
α fin.): “
Eleusina,”
Suet. Claud. 23: “
Junonis,”
Hor. S. 1, 3, 11: “
Orphica,”
rites,
solemnity,
festival,
Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 58: “
Bacchia,”
Ov. M. 3, 518: “
trieterica Bacchi,”
id. ib. 6, 587: “
Dianae,”
id. ib. 7, 94; “
15, 489: Isidis,”
Suet. Oth. 12 et saep.—
b. The private religious rites of a gens, a family, etc. (observed by the Romans with the greatest care): “
sacra privata perpetua manento,”
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf.
id. ib. 2, 19, 47: “
an gentilicia sacra ne in bello quidem intermitti, publica sacra et Romanos deos etiam in pace deseri placet?”
Liv. 5, 52: “
ut ne morte patris familias sacrorum memoria occideret,”
Cic. Leg. 2, 19, 48: “
docebant (antiqui) tribus modis sacris adstringi,”
id. ib. 2, 20, 49: “
magnum est eadem habere monumenta majorum, eisdem uti sacris, sepulcra habere communia,”
id. Off. 1, 17, 55; cf.: “
ut qui natus sit, ignoret, cujus sanguinis, quorum sacrorum sit,”
Liv. 4,2: “
sacra interire illi (majores) noluerunt,”
Cic. Mur. 12, 27: “
sacrorum alienatio,”
id. Or. 42, 144 (v. alienatio); cf. sing.: “
sacrum familiare,”
Macr. S. 1, 16: “
nuptialia,”
marriage solemnities,
Quint. 1, 7, 28; “
called also jugalia,”
Ov. M. 7, 700; cf. respecting the sacra privata of the Romans, Savigny, in his Zeitschr. 2, p. 397 sq.—
2. Prov.
b. Hereditas sine sacris, i. e.
a great profit without trouble, =
a rose without thorns,
meat without bone, etc. (because the keeping up of the sacra privata was attended with great expense),
Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 8, and
id. Trin. 2, 4, 83; cf.
Fest. p. 290 Müll.—
B. Transf., in gen. (the figure being borrowed from secret religious rites), in plur.: sacra,
secrets,
mysteries (not till after the Aug. period, and very rare): “
sacra tori coitusque novos referebam,”
Ov. M. 7, 709: “
peregisse mihi videor sacra tradentium artes,”
Quint. 5, 14, 27 (cf.: “
omnes fere, qui legem dicendi, quasi quaedam mysteria, tradiderunt,”
id. 5, 13, 60): “
litterarum colere,”
id. 10, 1, 92: “
studiorum profanare,”
Tac. Or. 11.
compos
com-pŏs (conp- ), pŏtis, adj. potis,
I.having the mastery, control, or power over a thing, master of, partaking of, possessing, participating or sharing in, guilty of, etc. (very freq. and class.); constr. usu. with gen., more rarely with abl., or absol.
(α). With
gen.: animi,
of a sane mind, *
Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 12: “
mentis,”
Cic. Phil. 2, 38, 97;
id. Pis. 20, 48;
Ov. M. 8, 35;
Quint. 11, 3, 77;
Tac. A. 15, 70;
Suet. Vesp. 5: “
territum et vix mentis suae compotem opprimere,”
Curt. 6, 3, 16: “
nec satis compotem mentis... deferunt,”
id. 3, 5, 4: “
sui,”
Liv. 8, 18, 12;
Cels. 5, 26, 13;
Curt. 4, 12, 17: “
rationis et consilii,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 13, 36; cf.
id. de Or. 1, 48, 210: “
libertatis,”
Plaut. Capt. prol. 41: “
patriae,”
id. ib. 3, 4, 89;
Liv. 1, 32, 7: “
ejus doni,”
id. 1, 10, 7: “
hujus urbis,”
Cic. Sest. 69, 146: “
bellicae laudis,”
Liv. 30, 1, 5: “
spei,”
id. 29, 22, 5;
Suet. Tib. 5: voti,
having obtained or
gratified one'
s wish,
Hor. A. P. 76;
Ov. A. A. 1, 486;
Liv. 7, 40, 6;
Suet. Aug. 28;
id. Calig. 13;
Sen. Hippol. 710;
Curt. 9, 9 fin.; cf. “
votorum,”
Suet. Aug. 58.—
(β). With abl.: “
qui essent animo et scientiā compotes,”
Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 210: “
corpore atque animo,”
Liv. 4, 40, 3: “
mente,”
Verg. Cul. 189: “
praedā ingenti,”
Liv. 3, 70, 13.—
B. Referring to misfortune or guilt, sharing in, participating in, confederate in, etc. (anteclass. and post-Aug.).
(α). With
gen.: “
miseriarum,”
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 32: probri, Naev. ap.
Non. p. 456, 25 (Trag. Rel. v. 6 Rib.): “
culpae,”
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 61: “
sceleris,”
Quint. 12, 1, 7.—
(β). With abl.: magnis et multis malis, Att. ap.
Non. p. 521, 27 (Trag. Rel. v. 36 Rib.).—
pauso. pausere
pauso , āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. pausa.
I. Lit.,
to halt, cease, pause (ante- and postclass. for quiesco, interquiesco): “
cum capitis pausaverit dolor,”
Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 1, 16: “
pausante vomitu,”
id. Acut. 3, 21, 212: “
pausa et quiesce, populus meus,”
Vulg. 4 Esdr. 2, 24 (for
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 150, v. pausa).—
II. Pregn.,
to rest in the grave, = requiescere (late Lat.): PAVSAT IN PACE, Inscr. Boldetti Cimeter. p. 399;
Inscr. Maff. Gall. Antiqu. p. 55.—Hence,
pausātus , a, um, P. a.,
that has halted or
paused; at rest,
resting (post-class.): “
jumentum,”
Veg. Vet. 1, 38: “
et sauciat pectus pausatae circa arboris robur (i. e. quiescentis in antro),”
Arn. 5, 160 dub. (al. pausate).
sordes
sordes , is (abl. sordi, Lucr. 6, 1271; usu. sorde), f. sordeo,
I.dirt, filth, uncleanness, squalor (class.; esp. freq. in a trop. sense, and in plur.; syn.: situs, squalor, caenum, illuvies).
I. Lit.
(α). Plur.: “
pleni sordium,”
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 104 sq.: “
in sordibus aurium inhaerescere,”
Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144: “
sint sine sordibus ungues,”
Ov. A. A. 1, 519: “
caret obsoleti Sordibus tecti,”
Hor. C. 2, 10, 7;
Plin. 36, 26, 65, § 191.—
B. Transf., plur.,
a mourning garment (because usu. soiled or dirty); and hence,
mourning in gen. (syn. squalor): “
jacere in lacrimis et sordibus,”
Cic. Fam. 14, 2, 2; cf.: “
in sordibus, lamentis, luctuque jacuisti,”
id. Pis. 36, 89: “
mater squalore hujus et sordibus laetatur,”
id. Clu. 6, 18;
67, 192;
id. Mur. 40, 86: “
sordes lugubres vobis erant jucundae,”
id. Dom. 23, 59;
Liv. 6, 16 fin.;
Quint. 6, 1, 33;
Suet. Vit. 8: “
suscipere sordes,”
Tac. A. 4, 52;
id. Or. 12;
Val. Max. 7, 8, 7.—
II. Trop., lowness or meanness of rank, a low condition; meanness, baseness of behavior or disposition (syn. illiberalitas).
A. In gen.: “
sordes fortunae et vitae,”
Cic. Brut. 62, 224: “
obscuritas et sordes tuae,”
id. Vatin. 5, 11;
id. Sest. 28, 60: “
ut quisque sordidissimus videbitur, ita libentissime severitate judicandi sordes suas eluet,”
id. Phil. 1, 8, 20: “
nulla nota, nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis allini posse,”
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17: “
in infamiā relinqui ac sordibus,”
id. Att. 1, 16, 2;
Liv. 4, 56: “
sordes illae verborum,”
low,
vulgar expressions,
Tac. Or. 21: “
propter maternas sordes,”
low origin,
Just. 13, 2, 11: “
pristinarum sordium oblitus,”
id. 25, 1, 9; cf.
id. 18, 7, 11.—
2. Concr.,
the dregs of the people,
the mob,
rabble (syn. faex): “
apud sordem urbis et faecem,”
Cic. Att. 1, 16, 11; so (with caenum)
Plin. Ep. 7, 29, 3: “
sordes et obscuritatem Vitellianarum partium,”
Tac. H. 1, 84.—Hence, as a term of abuse: “
o lutum, o sordes!”
low-minded creature,
Cic. Pis. 26, 62.—
B. In partic., meanness, stinginess, niggardliness, sordidness (cf.: parcimonia, avaritia).
(α). Plur.: “
(populus Romanus) non amat profusas epulas, sordes et inhumanitatem multo minus,”
Cic. Mur. 36, 76; so (opp. luxuria)
Plin. Ep. 2, 6, 7: “
damnatus sordium,”
id. ib. 2, 12, 4: “
incusare alicujus sordes,”
Quint. 6, 3, 74: “
sordes obicere alicui,”
Hor. S. 1, 6, 68 and 107: “
sepulcrum sine sordibus exstrue,”
id. ib. 2, 5, 105: “
cogit minimas ediscere sordes,”
the meanest tricks,
Juv. 14 124; 1, 140.—
pono, ponere
(Source of position, positive, opposite, aappositive)
pōno , pŏsŭi (Plaut. posīvi), pŏsĭtum, 3 (old form of
I.perf. POSEIVEI,
Inscr. Orell. 3308: “
posivi,”
Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 35: posivimus, id. Fragm. ap.
Prisc. p. 898 P.: “
posiverunt, Cato, R. R. praef. 1: posiveris,”
id. ib. 4, 1;
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 108: POSIER
unt,
Inscr. Orell. 5061: “
POSIT, contr. from posivit,”
ib. 71;
732;
1475; 3087 al.;
part. perf. sync. postus, a, um,
Lucr. 1, 1059;
3, 87;
6, 965), v. a. for posno, posino, from old prep. port, =
προτί, πρός, and sino; cf.: porricio, pollingo, etc., and v. pro, sino,
to put or set down a person or thing, to put, place, set, lay, etc. (syn.: colloco, statuo); constr. with acc. alone, or with
in and abl., or with
adv. of place; sometimes with
in and acc., or
absol.; v. infra.
I. Lit.
A. In gen.: “
tabulas in aerario ponere,”
Caes. B. C. 3, 108: “
castra,”
to pitch,
id. ib. 1, 65 fin.: “
castra iniquo loco,”
id. ib. 1, 81: “
milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit,”
id. B. G. 1, 22 fin.: qui indicabantur, in senatu sunt positi, Cic. Fragm. ap.
Quint. 9, 3, 50: “
tabulas obsignatas in publico,”
Cic. Fl. 9, 21: “
sejuges in Capitolio aurati a P. Cornelio positi,”
Liv. 38, 35, 4: “
tyrannicidae imago in gymnasio ponatur,”
Quint. 7, 7, 5; cf.
id. 1, 7, 12: “
collum in Pulvere,”
Hor. C. 4, 6, 11; cf.: “
artus in litore ponunt,”
Verg. A. 1, 173; and with simple abl.: “
saxo posuit latus,”
Val. Fl. 4, 378: “
in curulibus sellis sese posuerunt,”
seated themselves,
Flor. 1, 13.—With
in and
acc.: hodierno die primum longo intervallo in possessionem libertatis pedem ponimus,
Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 28 B. and K. (Klotz, possessione): “
Cyzici in Prytaneum vasa aurea mensae unius posuit,”
Liv. 41, 20, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.: “
stipes erat, quem ... in flammam triplices posuere sorores,”
Ov. M. 8, 452: “
omnia pone feros in ignes,”
id. R. Am. 719: “
oleas in solem,”
Cato, R. R. 7: “
coronam in caput,”
Gell. 3, 15, 3.—With
sub and abl.: “
pone sub curru nimium propinqui,”
Hor. C. 1, 22, 21: “
fundamenta,”
Vulg. 1 Esd. 6, 3: “
ubi pedem poneret non habebat,”
might set his foot,
Cic. Fin. 4, 25, 69: “
genu or genua,”
to bow the knee,
to kneel,
Ov. F. 2, 438;
5, 507;
Curt. 8, 7, 13: “
num genu posuit? num vocem supplicem misit?”
id. 4, 6, 28: “
oculos,”
to cast one's eyes on,
Vulg. Jer. 24, 6: “
faciem,”
to turn one's face,
id. ib. 42, 15.—
B. In partic.
1. In milit. lang.,
to place,
post,
set,
station a body of troops: “
ibi praesidium ponit,”
Caes. B. G. 2, 5: “
praesidium ibi,”
id. B. C. 1, 47 fin.: “
legionem tuendae orae maritimae causā,”
id. ib. 3, 34: “
insidias contra aliquem,”
Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 49.—
2. To set up,
erect,
build (mostly
poet.): “
opus,”
Ov. M. 8, 160: “
templa,”
Verg. A. 6, 19: “
aras,”
id. ib. 3, 404: “
tropaeum,”
Nep. Dat. 8, 3; so, “
in inscrr., of erecting monuments of any kind: POSVIT, PONENDVM CVRAVIT (usu. abbreviated P. C.), etc.: columna rostrata quae est Duilio in foro posita,”
in honor of Duilius,
Quint. 1, 7, 12.—
4. To set,
set out,
plant trees, etc. (
poet. and in postAug. prose; “
syn.: planto, sero): pone ordine vites,”
Verg. E. 1, 74: “
vitem,”
Col. 4, 1; cf.: “
ille et nefasto te (arbor) posuit die,”
planted thee,
Hor. C. 2, 13, 1.—
5. To lay,
stake,
wager, as a forfeit;
to lay down,
propose, as a prize: pono pallium; “
Ille suum anulum opposuit,”
Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 76: “
pocula fagina,”
Verg. E. 3, 36: “
invitat pretiis animos et praemia ponit,”
id. A. 5, 292: “
praemia,”
id. ib. 5, 486: “
praemium,”
Liv. 41, 23, 10.—
6. In business lang.,
to put out at interest,
to loan,
to invest (less freq. than collocare): pecuniam in praedio ponere, Cic. Tull. § 15 Orell.; cf.: “
pecuniam apud aliquem,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 70, § 165: “
dives positis in fenore nummis,”
Hor. A. P. 421: “
pecuniam Quaerit Kalendis ponere,”
id. Epod. 2, 70.—
7. To place,
set,
appoint a person as a watch or guard, accuser, etc. (less freq. than apponere): “
Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut, quae agat, scire possit,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 20 fin.: “
custos frumento publico est positus,”
Cic. Fl. 19, 45: alicui accusatorem, Cael. ap.
Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 3: “
puer super hoc positus officium,”
Petr. 56, 8.—
8. To serve up,
set before one at table (rare for the class. apponere),
Cato, R. R. 79; so
id. ib. 81: “
posito pavone,”
Hor. S. 2, 2, 23;
2, 4, 14;
2, 6, 64; 2, 8, 91;
id. A. P. 422: “
positi Bacchi cornua,”
Ov. A. A. 1, 231: “
vinum,”
Petr. 34, 7: “
calidum scis ponere sumen,”
Pers. 1, 53: “
porcum,”
Mart. 8, 22, 1: “
da Trebio, pone ad Trebium,”
Juv. 5, 135.—
9. To lay aside,
take off,
put down,
lay down, etc. (as clothing, arms, books, the hair or beard, etc., = deponere): “
cum pila ludere vellet tunicamque poneret,”
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 60; cf.: “
veste positā,”
id. ib. 1, 47, 113: “
velamina,”
Ov. A. A. 2, 613; cf.: “
velamina de corpore,”
id. M. 4, 345: “
arma,”
Caes. B. G. 4, 37: “
sarcinam,”
Petr. 117, 11: “
barbam,”
Suet. Calig. 5; cf.: “
bicolor positis membrana capillis,”
Pers. 3, 10: “
libros de manibus,”
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 23; cf.: “
cum posui librum, et mecum ipse coepi cogitare,”
id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24.—
10. To lay out for the grave: “
toroque Mortua componar, positaeque det oscula frater,”
Ov. M. 9, 503;
Verg. A. 2, 644.—Also,
to lay in the grave,
to bury,
inter (
poet. and in post-class. prose; “
syn.: sepelio, condo): corpore posto,”
Lucr. 3, 871: “
te ... patriā decedens ponere terrā,”
Verg. A. 6, 508;
Ov. F. 5, 480: “
ubi corpus meum positum fuerit,”
Dig. 34, 1, 18 fin.;
Inscr. Orell. 4370: “
IN HAC CVPA MATER ET FILIVS POSITI SVNT,”
ib. 4550;
4495: “
HIC POSITVS EST, Inscr. in Boeckh. C. I. Gr. 4156: CINERES,”
Inscr. Orell. 4393;
4489.—
11. Ponere calculum or calculos, transf.,
to weigh carefully,
to ponder,
consider: “
si bene calculum ponas,”
Petr. 115, 16: “
examina tecum, omnesque, quos ego movi, in utrāque parte calculos pone,”
Plin. Ep. 2, 19 fin.—
13. To subdue,
calm,
allay,
quiet: “
quo non arbiter Hadriae Major, tollere seu ponere vult freta,”
Hor. C. 1, 3, 16: “
magnos cum ponunt aequora motus,”
Prop. 4 (5), 14, 31.—Hence,
neutr., of the winds,
to fall,
abate (
poet. and late Lat.): “
cum venti posuere omnisque repente resedit Flatus,”
Verg. A. 7, 27: “
tum Zephyri posuere,”
id. ib. 10, 103: “
simul ac ventus posuit,”
Gell. 2, 30, 2.
II. Trop.
A. In gen.,
to set,
place,
put,
lay a thing anywhere: noenum ponebat rumores ante salutem, Enn. ap.
Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 314 Vahl.): “
pone ante oculos laetitiam senatūs,”
Cic. Phil. 2, 45, 115: “
at te apud eum, di boni! quantā in gratiā posui,”
id. Att. 6, 6, 4; cf.
id. ib. 5, 11, 6; 6, 1, 22: ponite me ei (Appio) in gratiā, Cael. ap.
Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5: “
apud Lentulum ponam te in gratiā,”
Cic. Att. 5, 3, 3 B. and K. (Orell. gratiam): “
se quoque in gratiā reconciliatae pacis ponere,”
Liv. 44, 14, 7: “
in laude positus,”
Cic. Sest. 66, 139: “
aliquem in metu non ponere,” i. e.
not to fear,
id. Top. 13, 55: “
virtutum fundamenta in voluptate tamquam in aquā ponere,”
id. Fin. 2, 22, 72; cf.
id. Pis. 4, 9: “
aliquid in conspectu animi,”
id. de Or. 3, 40, 161; cf.: “
sub uno aspectu ponere,”
Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 1, 1: ponendus est ille ambitus, non abiciendus,
to lay down gently, i. e.
close gracefully,
Cic. Or. 59, 199: “
super cor,”
to lay to heart,
Vulg. Mal. 2, 2.—With
in and
acc.: “
te in crimen populo ponat atque infamiam,”
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 11.—Elliptically: et quidem cum in mentem venit, ponor ad scribendum,
when it occurs to Cœsar,
he sets me (i. e.
my name)
to the Senate's decrees,
Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 4.—
B. In partic.
1. Ponere aliquid in aliquā re,
to put or
place a thing
in something,
to cause a thing
to rest or
depend upon: “
credibile non est, quantum ego in consiliis et prudentiā tuā, quantum in amore et fide ponam,”
Cic. Att. 2, 23, 3: “
spem in aliquo,”
id. ib. 6, 1, 11: “
salutis auxilium in celeritate,”
Caes. B. G. 5, 48; cf.: “
spem salutis in virtute,”
id. ib. 5, 34, 2: “
ut in dubio poneret, utrum, etc.,”
regarded as doubtful,
doubted,
Liv. 34, 5, 3: sed haec haud in magno equidem ponam discrimine,
I shall attach no great importance to it, id. prooem. § 8.—In
pass.: positum esse in aliquā re,
to be based or
founded upon,
to rest upon,
depend upon: “
ut salutem praesentium, spem reliquorum in vestris sententiis positam esse et defixam putetis,”
Cic. Fl. 1, 3;
id. Agr. 2, 9, 22: “
omnia posita putamus in Planci tui liberalitate,”
id. Att. 16, 16, F, 2;
id. Or. 8, 27: “
in te positum est, ut, etc.,”
id. Att. 16, 16, B, § 8. —
2. To lay out,
spend,
employ a thing, esp. time, in any thing: “
tempus in cogitatione ponere,”
Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 17: “
si in hac curā vita mihi ponenda sit,”
id. Fam. 9, 24, 4: “
diem totum in considerandā causā,”
id. Brut. 22, 87; cf.
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1;
id. Att. 6, 2, 6: “
sumptum,”
id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2;
id. Fam. 13, 54 fin.; cf.: “
totum animum atque omnem curam, operam diligentiamque suam in petitione,”
id. Mur. 22, 45: “
id multo tum faciemus liberius totosque nos in contemplandis rebus perspiciendisque ponemus,”
id. Tusc. 1, 19, 44: “
apud gratissimum hominem beneficium ponere,”
id. Fam. 13, 55 fin.: “
itinera enim ita facit, ut multos dies in oppidum ponat,”
id. Att. 11, 22, 2.—
3. To put,
place,
count,
reckon,
consider a thing in or among certain things: “
mortem in malis,”
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29: “
in beneficii loco,”
id. Fam. 15, 4, 12;
id. Cat. 2, 9, 20: “
si quis motus populi factus esset, id C. Norbano in fraude capitali esse ponendum,”
id. de Or. 2, 48, 199: “
in laude,”
to regard as praiseworthy,
id. Top. 18, 71: “
in vitiis poni,”
to be regarded as a fault,
Nep. Epam. 1, 2.—
4. To appoint,
ordain,
make something: “
leges,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 28: “
festos laetosque ritus,”
Tac. H. 5, 5 fin.: “
ut male posuimus initia, sic cetera sequentur,”
Cic. Att. 10, 18, 2: “
ne tu in spem ponas me bonae frugi fore,”
to hope for,
reckon upon,
Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 4 Fleck.: nomen,
to apply or
give a name (= imponere): “
sunt enim rebus novis nova ponenda nomina,”
Cic. N. D. 1, 17, 44;
id. Tusc. 3, 5, 10;
Verg. A. 7, 63: “
qui tibi nomen Insano posuere,”
Hor. S. 2, 3, 48: rationem,
to furnish an account,
to reckon,
Suet. Oth. 7; cf.
Col. 1, 3: “
pecuniae,”
Dig. 46, 3, 89.—
5. To make or
render vows or votive offerings to the gods: “
Veneri ponere vota,”
Prop. 3, 12, 18: “
nunc ego victrices lauro redimire tabellas, Nec Veneris mediā ponere in aede morer,”
Ov. Am. 1, 11, 25: “
hic ponite lucida Funalia et vectes,”
Hor. C. 3, 26, 6: “
libatum agricolae ponitur ante deo,”
Tib. 1, 1, 14;
Ov. M. 3, 506: “
ex praedā tripodem aureum Delphi posuit,”
Nep. Paus. 2, 3.—
6. In speaking or writing,
to lay down as true,
to state,
assume,
assert,
maintain,
allege,
take for granted, etc.: “
quamobrem, ut paulo ante posui, si, etc.,”
Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 21;
id. Fin. 2, 31, 100: “
recte Magnus ille noster, me audiente, posuit in judicio, rem publicam, etc.,”
id. Leg. 2, 3, 6: verum pono, esse victum eum; “
at, etc.,”
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 25: “
positum sit igitur in primis, etc.,”
Cic. Or. 4, 14: “
hoc posito atque concesso, esse quandam vim divinam, etc.,”
id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf.: “
quo posito, et omnium sensu adprobato,”
id. Fin. 3, 8, 29;
id. Leg. 2, 19, 48: “
pono satis in eo fuisse orationis atque ingenii,”
id. Brut. 45, 165: “
aliquid pro certo ponere,”
Liv. 10, 9 fin.: “
nunc rem ipsam ponamus quam illi non negant ... Est haec res posita, quae ab adversario non negatur,”
Cic. Caecin. 11, 32.—
7. Esp.: exemplum ponere,
to cite an instance: “
eorum quae constant exempla ponemus,”
Cic. Inv. 1, 38, 68: “
perspicuo et grandi vitio praeditum posuimus exemplum,”
id. ib. 1, 47, 88: “
ab adjunctis antea posui exemplum,”
id. Top. 11, 50: “
horum exempla posui ex jure civili,”
id. ib. 14, 58: “
horum generum ex Cicerone exempla ponamus,”
Quint. 5, 11, 11;
6, 3, 108 al.—
9. To propose,
offer,
fix upon a theme for discussion (= proponere): “
mihi nunc vos quaestiunculam, de quā meo arbitratu loquar, ponitis?”
Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102;
2, 1, 2: “
ponere aliquid, ad quod audiam, si tibi non est molestum, volo,”
id. Fat. 2, 4; cf.: “
ponere jubebam, de quo quis audire vellet,”
id. Tusc. 1, 4, 7: “
ponere praemium,”
Liv. 39, 17, 1; and
impers. pass.: “
doctorum est ista consuetudo eaque Graecorum, ut iis ponatur, de quo disputent quamvis subito,”
id. Cael. 5, 17; so, “
cum ita positum esset, videri, etc.,”
id. Tusc. 3, 22, 54.—
10. To put away,
leave off,
dismiss,
forego,
lay down,
surrender (= deponere): “
vitam propera ponere,”
Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 4: “
vitia,”
Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46: “
dolorem,”
id. Tusc. 3, 28, 66: inimicitias, Cael. ap.
Cic. Fam. 8, 6: “
curas,”
Liv. 1, 19: “
metum,”
Plin. Ep. 5, 6: “
iram,”
Hor. A. P. 160: “
moras,”
id. C. 4, 12, 25;
Ov. F. 2, 816: “
animos feroces,”
Liv. 8, 1: “
corda ferocia,”
Verg. A. 1, 302: “
vires (flammae),”
id. ib. 5, 681: “
ipsum rudimentum adulescentiae bello lacessentem Romanos posuisse,”
had obtained his first experience,
Liv. 31, 11 fin.;
Suet. Ner. 22; also, “
tirocinium,”
Just. 12, 4, 6: “
animam,”
to lay down life,
Vulg. Johan. 10, 15;
17.—Esp., milit. t. t.: arma ponere (= deponere),
to lay down arms,
yield,
surrender: “
Nepesinis inde edictum ut arma ponant,”
Liv. 6, 10, 5: “
dedi imperatorem, arma poni jubet,”
id. 4, 10, 3; cf.: “
positis armis,”
id. 35, 36, 4;
id. Epit. 88.—
12. To assume,
suppose,
put a case (of mere suppositions; only late Lat.; cf. 6 supra): pone tamen ab evangelistis scriptum, Ambros. de Fide, 5, 16, 194; Ps.-
Quint. Decl. 273.—Hence,
pŏsĭtus , a, um, P. a., of localities,
placed,
situated; situate,
standing,
lying anywhere: “
Roma in montibus posita,”
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96: “
Delos in Aegaeo mari posita,”
id. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55: “
portus ex adverso urbi positus,”
Liv. 45, 5: “
tumulus opportune ad id positus,”
id. 28, 13: “
urbs alieno solo posita,”
id. 4, 17.—
Poet.: “
somno positus = sopitus,”
lulled to sleep,
Verg. A. 4, 527.
celo, celere
(Source of cell, conceal)
cēlo , āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. (contract. form of the
I.gen. plur. part. pass. celatum = celatorum,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 15 Ritschl
N. cr.) [cf. caligo],
to hide something from one, to keep secret, to conceal; constr.,
I. With
a double acc., as in Gr
κρύπτω τινά τι; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 391 (class. in prose and poetry): neque enim id est celare, quicquid reticeas; “
sed cum, quod tu scias, id ignorare emolumenti tui causā velis eos, quorum intersit id scire, etc.,”
Cic. Off. 3, 13, 57: “
te atque alios partum ut celaret suum,”
Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 24: “
ea ne me celet, consuefeci filium,”
id. Ad. 1, 1, 29;
id. Hec. 3, 1, 40: “
non te celavi sermonem T. Ampii,”
Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 3: “
iter omnis celat,”
Nep. Eum. 8, 7: “
ut tegat hoc celetque viros,”
Ov. F. 4, 149.—Rare, aliquem de aliquā re: “
de armis, de ferro, de insidiis celare te noluit?”
Cic. Deiot. 6, 18;
id. Fam. 7, 20, 3 (more freq. in
pass.: v. the foll.).—
Pass.: celor rem, but more freq. celor hoc, illud, etc.,
something is concealed from me: “
nosne hoc celatos tam diu,”
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 23: “
sed tamen indicabo tibi quod mehercule inprimis celatum volebam,”
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 4.—More freq. celor de re: “
non est profecto de illo veneno celata mater,”
Cic. Clu. 66, 189: “
credo celatum esse Cassium de Sullā uno,”
id. Sull. 13, 39: “
debes existimare te maximis de rebus a fratre esse celatum,”
id. Fam. 5, 2, 9: “
quod neque celari Alexandrini possent in apparanda fugā, Auct. B. Alex. 7.— More rare, mihi res celatur: id Alcibiadi diutius celari non potuit,”
Nep. Alcib. 5, 2 (al. Alcibiades).—
II. With one acc.
A. With acc. of the direct object: aliquid, to conceal, hide, cover; and of persons: aliquem, to hide, conceal one.
1. Aliquid (so most freq.): “
celem tam insperatum gaudium?”
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 5: “
iras,”
id. Hec. 2, 2, 11: “
sententiam,”
Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 60: crudelia consilia dulci formā, *
Cat. 64, 175: “
perjuria,”
Tib. 1, 9, 3: “
factum,”
Verg. A. 1, 351: “
aurum,”
Hor. C. 3, 3, 42: “
fontium origines,”
id. ib. 4, 14, 45: “
sol diem qui Promis et celas,”
id. C. S. 10: “
manibus uterum,”
to conceal by covering,
Ov. M. 2, 463: “
vultus manibus,”
id. ib. 4, 683.—With dat. (locat.)
of place: “
sacra alia terrae celavimus,”
Liv. 5. 5, 1, § 9 Weissenb. ad loc. (al. terrā).—
Pass.: “
quod celatum est atque occultatum usque adhuc,”
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 10; cf. id. Trin. 1, 2, 127: “
quod turpiter factum celari poterat,”
Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 5: “
armorum tertia pars celata,”
id. ib. 2, 32 fin.: “
amor celatus,”
Ter. And. 1, 1, 105: “
ut celetur consuetio,”
Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 28; so
Lucr. 1, 904;
5, 1159;
Tib. 1, 2, 34;
Prop. 3 (4), 25, 11;
Hor. C. 4, 9, 30;
Ov. M. 9, 516 et saep.—
2. Aliquem,
to hide,
conceal one: “
plerosque hi qui receperant, celant,”
Caes. B. C. 1, 76: “
aliquem silvis,”
Verg. A. 10, 417; cf.
id. ib. 6, 443: “
fugitivum,”
Dig. 11, 4, 1: “
se tenebris,”
Verg. A. 9, 425: “
a domino,”
Dig. 21, 1, 17 pr.—
Pass.: “
diu celari (virgo) non potest,”
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 4;
id. Heaut. 4, 3, 20: “
celabitur auctor,”
Hor. S. 2, 4, 11: “
capillamento celatus,”
Suet. Calig. 11; cf.
id. Dom. 1.—
B. With acc. of the remote object: celare aliquem (diff. from the preced.),
to conceal,
hide from one: “
Jovis hospitalis numen numquam celare potuisset, homines fortasse celavisset,”
Cic. Deiot. 6, 18; so
id. Off. 3, 13, 57;
Ov. H. 18, 13 al.—
Pass.: “
celabar, excludebar,”
Cic. Agr. 2, 5, 12;
id. Fam. 5, 19, 2;
id. Q. Fr. 2, 15 (16), 5: “
non ego celari possum, quid, etc.,”
Tib. 1, 8, 1.—
C. Absol.: “
non est celandum,”
Nep. Att. 12, 2: “
celatum indagator,”
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 15.—P. a. as
subst.:
cēlāta , ōrum, n.,
secrets: “
et celata omnia Paene pessum dedit,”
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 127.
flecto, flectere
(Source of reflect, flexible)
flecto , xi, xum, 3, v. a. and n. root in Gr. φολκός, bandy-legged; φάλκης, the bent rib of a ship; L. falx; falco, so called from the curve of its claws or beak; cf. Germ. Falke; Engl. falcon.
I. Act., to bend, bow, curve, turn, turn round (freq. and class.; syn.: plecto, plico, curvo).
A. Lit.
1. In gen.: “
animal omne membra quocumque vult, flectit, contorquet, porrigit, contrahit,”
Cic. Div. 1, 53, 120: “
ora retro,”
Ov. M. 3, 188: “
vultus ad illum,”
id. ib. 4, 265; “
10, 236: lumina a gurgite in nullam partem,”
id. ib. 8, 367: “
geminas acies huc,”
to turn,
direct,
Verg. A. 6, 789; cf. “
oculos,”
id. ib. 8, 698: “
equos brevi moderari ac flectere,”
Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin.: “
equum,”
Hor. C. 3, 7, 25: “
currum de foro in Capitolium,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30, § 77: “
plaustrum,”
Ov. M. 10, 447: navem, Auct. B. Alex. 64
fin.: “
habenas,”
Ov. M. 2, 169: “
cursus in orbem,”
id. ib. 6, 225; cf.: “
cursus in laevum,”
id. Tr. 1, 10, 17: “
iter ad Privernum,”
Liv. 8, 19, 13 Drak.
N. cr.: “
iter Demetriadem,”
id. 35, 31, 3: “
tu (Bacche) flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum,”
Hor. C. 2, 19, 17: “
arcus,”
to bend,
Ov. M. 4, 303; cf.: “
flexos incurvant viribus arcus,”
Verg. A. 5, 500: “
flexum genu,”
Ov. M. 4, 340: “
artus,”
Liv. 21, 58, 9: “
flexi crines,”
curled,
Mart. 3, 63, 3;
10, 65, 6;
Juv. 6, 493: “
flexum mare,” i.e.
a bay,
Tac. A. 14, 4: “
flexi fractique motus,”
contorted,
Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35: “
hinc (silva) se flectit sinistrorsus,”
Caes. B. G. 6, 25, 3.—Mid.: quasi amnis celeris rapit, sed tamen inflexu flectitur, Naev. ap.
Non. 191, 34 (Trag. Rel. v. 42 Rib.): “
(milvus) flectitur in gyrum,”
wheels,
Ov. M. 2, 718: “
modo flector in anguem,”
I bend,
wind myself into a snake,
id. ib. 8, 883: “
sol ab ea (Cancri) meta incipit flecti,”
Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264: Euphrates ad meridiem flectitur,
id. 6, 26, 30, § 125.—
B. Trop.
1. In gen.,
to bend,
turn,
direct: “
ducere multimodis voces et flectere cantus,”
Lucr. 5, 1406: “
vocem,”
Ov. Am. 2, 4, 25: “
qui teneros et rudes cum acceperunt, inficiunt et flectunt, ut volunt,”
Cic. Leg. 1, 17, 47; cf.: “
imbecillitatem animorum torquere et flectere,”
id. ib. 1, 10, 29: “
suam naturam huc et illuc torquere ac flectere,”
id. Cael. 6, 13: “
vitam flectere fingereque,”
id. Sull. 28, 79: “
mentes suas ad nostrum imperium nomenque,”
id. Balb. 17, 39: “
aliquem a proposito,”
Liv. 28, 22, 11: “
scribentis animum a vero,”
id. 1 praef. 5: “
animus ab aliqua opinione flectendus,”
Quint. 4, 2, 80: “
animos ad publica carmina,”
Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 23: quo vobis mentes ... dementes sese flexere viaï? Enn. ap.
Cic. de Sen. 6, 16 (Ann. v. 209 ed. Vahl.): “
est viri et ducis oblata casu flectere ad consilium,”
Liv. 28, 44, 8: “
juvenis cereus in vitium flecti,”
Hor. A. P. 163: “
quod procul a nobis flectat Fortuna gubernans,”
turn aside,
avert,
Lucr. 5, 108.—
2. In partic.
a. To bend (in opinion or in will),
to move,
persuade,
prevail upon,
overcome,
soften,
appease (cf.: “
moveo, afficio): quibus rebus ita flectebar animo atque frangebar, ut, etc.,”
Cic. Sull. 6, 18: “
sed quid te oratione flectam? ... qua re flecte te, quaeso,”
id. Phil. 1, 14, 35: facile Achivos flexeris, Enn. ap.
Gell. 11, 4, 3 (Trag. v. 229 ed. Vahl.): “
judices,”
Quint. 6, 1, 9: “
flectere mollibus jam durum imperiis,”
Hor. C. 4, 1, 6: “
precibus si flecteris ullis,”
Verg. A. 2, 689: “
flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo,”
id. ib. 7, 312; cf.: “
nisi dii immortales suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent,”
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 19: “
desine fata deum flecti sperare precando,”
Verg. A. 6, 376: “
animos commutare atque omni ratione flectere,”
Cic. de Or. 2, 52 fin.: “
ingenium alicujus aversum,”
Sall. J. 102, 3: “
si quem a proposito spes mollitiave animi flexisset,”
divert,
dissuade,
Liv. 28, 22, 11: dictis nostris sententia flexa est, Enn. ap.
Fest. p. 257 Müll. (Ann. v. 264 ed. Vahl.): “
si flectitur ira deorum,”
Ov. M. 1, 378: cf.
id. Tr. 3, 5, 41: “
hortaturque simul flectitque labores,”
soothes,
Stat. S. 5, 1, 119: “
ad deditionem primos,”
Liv. 5, 43, 1.—Mid.: “
plurimum valet miseratio, quae judicem flecti non tantum cogit, sed, etc.,”
to let himself be moved,
Quint. 6, 1, 23: “
flexi in misericordiam,”
Amm. 12, 27.—
b. (Acc. to I. A. 2.)
To turn aside from,
to avoid a thing: “
ut eam (viam) flectas, te rogo,”
Cic. Att. 11, 18, 2 (but B. and K. ex conj. C. F. Hermann read ira, v. a. sup.); cf.: “
flexit viam,”
Liv. 1, 60, 1: “
dolo a se flexos imputavit civilis,”
Tac. H. 5, 24.—
d. In grammar.
(β). To decline,
conjugate,
inflect,
Varr. L. L. 10, 2, 29 al.—
(γ). Flectere syllabam,
to mark with the circumflex accent, and hence,
to lengthen,
Quint. 1, 5, 23 Spald. and Zumpt.
II. Neutr., to turn, go, or march in any direction (post-Aug.).
A. Lit.: “
cum procul hos laevo flectentes limite cernunt,”
Verg. A. 9, 372: “
ex Gabino in Tusculanos flexere colles,”
Liv. 3, 8, 6; “
Hasdrubal ad Oceanum flectit,”
id. 28, 16, 3: “
inde Vitellius Cremonam flexit,”
Tac. H. 2, 70: “
in Capitolium,”
Suet. Tib. 20.—
B. Trop., of thought or speech,
to turn in any direction: “
ad providentiam sapientiamque,”
Tac. A. 13, 3: “
in ambitionem,”
id. ib. 4, 37: “
a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias Tiberii,”
id. ib. 1, 34.—Hence,
flexus , a, um, P. a.
vinco
(Source of convince, invincible)
vinco , vīci, victum, 3, v. a. and n. perh. causat. of root ικ-; Gr. εἴκω, to yield; but cf. per-vicax; v. Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. p. 106,
I.to conquer, overcome, get the better of, defeat, subdue, vanquish, be victorious, etc. (syn.: supero, debello).
I. Lit.
A. In war or battle: “
jus esse belli, ut qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent, etc.,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 36: “
Carthaginienses navalibus pugnis,”
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55: “
Galliam bello,”
Caes. B. G. 1, 34 fin.: “
non virtute neque in acie vicisse Romanos,”
id. ib. 7, 29: “
id vi et virtute militum victum atque expugnatum oppidum est,”
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 36: “
vicimus vi feroces,”
id. ib. 1, 1, 82: aio te, Aeacida, Romanos vincere posse, Enn. ap.
Cic. Div. 2, 56, 116 (Ann. v. 186 Vahl.): sicut fortis equus, spatio qui saepe supremo Vicit Olympia, Enn. ap.
Cic. Sen. 5, 14 (Ann. v. 442 ib.): aliquando ut vincat, ludit assidue aleam, Poët. ap.
Suet. Aug. 70 fin.: “
L. milia,”
to win at play,
August. ib. 71.—
B. In a lawsuit, etc.,
to be successful,
to gain: “
vincere judicio,”
Cic. Rosc. Com. 18, 53: “
quem tu horum nil refelles, vincam scilicet,”
Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82;
Hor. S. 1, 2, 134: “
causam suam,”
to win,
Ov. H. 16, 76.—
Pass.: “
factum est: ventum est: vincimur,”
Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 85.—
C. In other relations,
to win,
prevail,
be successful,
gain,
overcome: “
sponsione,”
Cic. Quint. 27, 84: “
sponsionem,”
id. Caecin. 31, 91: “
vicit iter durum pietas,”
controlled,
made easy,
Verg. A. 6, 688; cf.
Mart. 5, 23, 5;
Claud. Cons. Hon. 46: “
labor omnia vicit,”
Verg. G. 1, 145; cf. “
difficultates, Auct. B. G. 8, 21: virgam,”
to win,
Verg. A. 6, 148: “
vicit tamen in Senatu pars illa, quae, etc.,”
Sall. J. 16, 1: “
factione respectuque rerum privatarum ... Appius vicit,”
Liv. 2, 30, 2: “
cum in senatu vicisset sententia, quae, etc.,”
id. 2, 4: Othonem vincas volo,
to outbid (in an auction),
Cic. Att. 13, 29, 2;
13, 33, 2.—To defeat as a candidate for office: “
competitorem in suffragiis,”
Quint. 7, 1, 29.—
D. Transf., of inanimate subjects.
1. To overcome,
overwhelm,
prevail over, etc.: “
(naves) neu turbine venti Vincantur,”
Verg. A. 9, 92: “
victa ratis,”
Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 12: “
flammam gurgitibus,”
id. Am. 3, 6, 42: “
noctem flammis,”
Verg. A. 1, 727: “
vincunt aequora navitae,”
prevail against,
get the better of,
Hor. C. 3, 24, 41: “
victaque concessit prisca moneta novae,”
Ov. F. 1, 222: “
quernaque glans victa est utiliore cibo,”
id. ib. 1, 676: “
corpora victa sopore,”
id. ib. 1, 422; cf.: “
blanda quies furtim victis obrepsit ocellis,”
id. ib. 3, 19: “
hi casses (linei) vel ferri aciem vincunt,”
Plin. 19, 1, 2, § 11: “
campum turbā vincente,”
overflowing,
Sil. 6, 390.—
4. To reduce,
change, etc.; “
of cooking: nec viscera quisquam ... potest vincere flammā,”
Verg. G. 3, 560: “
cochleas undis calefactas et prope victas,”
Ser. Samm. Med. 319.—Of smelting ores: “
metallorum primitiae nullis fornacibus victae,”
Tac. H. 4, 53.—Of melting snow: “
nive, quae zephyro victa tepente fluit,”
Ov. F. 2, 220.— “
Of digestion: pervigilio quidem praecipue vincuntur cibi,”
Plin. 11, 53, 118, § 283.—
II. Trop.
A. In gen.,
to prevail,
be superior; to convince,
refute,
constrain,
overcome, etc.: “
argumentis vincit,”
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 267: “
naturam studio,”
Caes. B. G. 6, 43: “
vincit ipsa rerum publicarum natura saepe rationem,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 57; cf.
id. ib. 3, 8, 13: si subitam et fortuitam orationem commentatio et cogitatio facile vincit; “
hanc ipsam profecto assidua ac diligens scriptura superabit,”
id. de Or. 1, 33, 150: “
sapientis animus vincetur et expugnabitur?”
id. Par. 4, 1, 27: “
animum,”
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 29: “
non est consentaneum, qui invictum se a labore praestiterit, vinci a voluptate,”
Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68: “
labascit, victu'st, uno verbo, quam cito!”
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 98: “
eludet, ubi te victum senserit,”
id. ib. 1, 1, 10: “
illius stultitiā victa ex urbe tu migres?”
id. Hec. 4, 2, 13: “
adulescentulus saepe eadem audiendo victus est,”
id. Heaut. 1, 1, 62: “
peccavi, fateor, vincor,”
id. ib. 4, 1, 31: “
victus patris precibus lacrimisque,”
Liv. 23, 8, 4: “
divūm pater victus tuis vocibus,”
Hor. C. 4, 6, 21: “
est qui vinci possit,”
id. S. 1, 9, 55: “
pietas Victa furore,”
id. C. 3, 27, 36: “
victus amore pudor,”
Ov. Am. 3, 10, 29: “
filia victa in lacrimas,”
Tac. A. 1, 57: “
victus animi respexit,”
Verg. G. 4, 491: “
triumphantes de lege victā et abrogatā,”
Liv. 34, 3, 9.— With
ut: “
ergo negatum, vincor, ut credam miser,”
am constrained,
compelled,
Hor. Epod. 17, 27.—
B. In partic.
1. To overmatch in some quality,
to surpass,
exceed,
excel, = superare: “
stellarum globi terrae magnitudinem facile vincebant,”
Cic. Rep. 6, 16, 16: “
opinionem vicit omnium, quae, etc.,”
id. Ac. 2, 1, 1: “
exspectationem omnium,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11: “
eam (noctem) edepol etiam multo haec (nox) vicit longitudine,”
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 125: “
morum immanitate vastissimas vincit beluas,”
Cic. Rep. 2, 26, 48: “
quamlibet mulierculam Vincere mollitiā,”
Hor. Epod. 11, 24: “
odio qui posset vincere Regem,”
id. S. 1, 7, 6: “
scribere, quod Cassi opuscula vincat,”
id. Ep. 1, 4, 3; cf.: “
qualia (praecepta) vincunt Pythagoran,”
id. S. 2, 4, 2.—
Poet. with
inf.: vir nulli victus vel ponere castra vel junxisse ratem, etc.,
excelled by none in pitching a camp, etc.,
Sil. 5, 552;
6, 141.—
2. To prove triumphantly, show or demonstrate conclusively.
(α). With
obj.-clause: “
quid nunc? vincon' argumentis te non esse Sosiam?”
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 277: “
profecto ita esse, et praedico, vero vincam,”
id. Most. 1, 2, 12: “
vince deinde, bonum virum fuisse Oppianicum,”
Cic. Clu. 44, 124: dicendo vincere non postulo, Matius ap.
Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 4: “
vincet enim stultos ratio insanire nepotes,”
Hor. S. 2, 3, 225.—
3. With respect to something disputed, to prevail, gain one's point, carry the day. So only in the expressions,
a. Vicimus: “
cui si esse in urbe tuto licebit, vicimus,”
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: “
rumpantur iniqui. Vicimus: assiduas non tulit illa preces,”
Prop. 1, 8, 28: vicimus exclamat; “
mecum mea vota feruntur,”
Ov. M. 6, 513: “
vicimus et meus est,”
id. ib. 4, 356.—
b. Vincite, viceris, vincerent,
have it your own way,
just as you like,
carry your point, an expression of reluctant assent: “
vincite, si ita vultis,”
Caes. B. G. 5, 30;
Ov. M. 8, 509: “
vincerent ac sibi haberent, dummodo scirent,”
Suet. Caes. 1 fin.: “
viceris,”
Ter. And. 5, 3, 21.—
signo
signo , āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. signum,
I.to set a mark upon, to mark, mark out, designate (syn.: noto, designo).
I. Lit.
A. In gen. (mostly
poet. and in post-Aug. prose): discrimen non facit neque signat linea alba, Lucil. ap.
Non. 405, 17: “
signata sanguine pluma est,”
Ov. M. 6, 670: “
ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum Fas erat,”
Verg. G. 1, 126: “
humum limite mensor,”
Ov. M. 1, 136;
id. Am. 3, 8, 42: “
moenia aratro,”
id. F. 4, 819: “
pede certo humum,”
to print,
press,
Hor. A. P. 159; cf.: “
vestigia summo pulvere,”
to mark,
imprint,
Verg. G. 3, 171: auratā cyclade humum,
Prop. 4 (5), 7, 40. “
haec nostro signabitur area curru,”
Ov. A. A. 1, 39: “
locum, ubi ea (cistella) excidit,”
Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 28: “
caeli regionem in cortice signant,”
mark,
cut,
Verg. G. 2, 269: “
nomina saxo,”
Ov. M. 8, 539: “
rem stilo,”
Vell. 1, 16, 1: “
rem carmine,”
Verg. A. 3, 287; “
for which: carmine saxum,”
Ov. M. 2, 326: “
cubitum longis litteris,”
Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 7: “
ceram figuris,”
to imprint,
Ov. M. 15, 169: “
cruor signaverat herbam,”
had stained,
id. ib. 10, 210; cf.
id. ib. 12, 125: “
signatum sanguine pectus,”
id. A. A. 2, 384: “
dubiā lanugine malas,”
id. M. 13, 754: “
signata in stirpe cicatrix,”
Verg. G. 2, 379: “
manibus Procne pectus signata cruentis,”
id. ib. 4, 15: “
vocis infinitios sonos paucis notis,”
Cic. Rep. 3, 2, 3: “
visum objectum imprimet et quasi signabit in animo suam speciem,”
id. Fat. 19, 43.—
B. In partic.
1. To mark with a seal; to seal,
seal up,
affix a seal to a thing (usually obsignare): “
accepi a te signatum libellum,”
Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1: “
volumina,”
Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 2: locellum tibi signatum remisi, Caes. ap.
Charis. p. 60 P.: “
epistula,”
Nep. Pel. 3, 2: “
arcanas tabellas,”
Ov. Am. 2, 15, 15: “
signatis quicquam mandare tabellis,”
Tib. 4, 7, 7: “
lagenam (anulus),”
Mart. 9, 88, 7: “
testamentum,”
Plin. Ep. 2, 20, 8 sq.; cf.
Mart. 5, 39, 2: “
nec nisi signata venumdabatur (terra),”
Plin. 35, 4, 14, § 33.—
Absol.,
Mart. 10, 70, 7;
Quint. 5, 7, 32;
Suet. Ner. 17.—
2. To mark with a stamp; hence,
a. Of money,
to stamp,
to coin: “
aes argentum aurumve publice signanto,”
Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6; cf.: “
qui primus ex auro denarium signavit ... Servius rex primus signavit aes ... Signatum est nota pecudum, unde et pecunia appellata ... Argentum signatum est anno, etc.,”
Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 44: “
argentum signatum,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 25, § 63;
Quint. 5, 10, 62;
5, 14, 26: “
pecunia signata Illyriorum signo,”
Liv. 44, 27, 9: “
denarius signatus Victoriā,”
Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 46: “
sed cur navalis in aere Altera signata est,”
Ov. F. 1, 230: “
milia talentūm argenti non signati formā, sed rudi pondere,”
Curt. 5, 2, 11.— Hence,
II. Trop.,
to point out,
signify,
indicate,
designate,
express (rare; more usually significo, designo; in Cic. only Or. 19, 64, where dignata is given by
Non. 281, 10; “
v. Meyer ad loc.): translatio plerumque signandis rebus ac sub oculos subiciendis reperta est,”
Quint. 8, 6, 19: “
quotiens suis verbis signare nostra voluerunt (Graeci),”
id. 2, 14, 1; cf.: “
appellatione signare,”
id. 4, 1, 2: “
utrius differentiam,”
id. 6, 2, 20; cf.
id. 9, 1, 4;
12, 10, 16: “
nomen (Caieta) ossa signat,”
Verg. A. 7, 4: “
fama signata loco est,”
Ov. M. 14, 433: “
miratrixque sui signavit nomine terras,”
designated,
Luc. 4, 655; cf.: “
(Earinus) Nomine qui signat tempora verna suo,”
Mart. 9, 17, 4: “
Turnus ut videt ... So signari oculis,”
singled out,
looked to,
Verg. A. 12, 3: signare responsum,
to give a definite or
distinct answer,
Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 1.—With
rel.-clause: “
memoria signat in quā regione quali adjutore legatoque fratre meo usus sit,”
Vell. 2, 115.—
C. To seal,
settle,
establish,
confirm,
prescribe (mostly
poet.): “
signanda sunt jura,”
Prop. 3 (4), 20, 15. “
signata jura,”
Luc. 3, 302: jura Suevis, Claud. ap.
Eutr. 1, 380; cf.: “
precati deos ut velint ea (vota) semper solvi semperque signari,”
Plin. Ep. 10, 35 (44).—
1. (Acc. to I. B. 1. sealed; hence)
Shut up,
guarded,
preserved (mostly ante- and post-class.): signata sacra, Varr. ap.
Non. 397, 32: limina.
Prop. 4 (5), 1, 145. Chrysidem negat signatam reddere, i. e.
unharmed,
intact,
pure, Lucil. ap.
Non. 171, 6; cf.: “
assume de viduis fide pulchram, aetate signatam,”
Tert. Exhort. 12.—
2. (Acc. to II. A.)
Plain,
clear,
manifest (post-class. for significans): “
quid expressius atque signatius in hanc causam?”
Tert. Res. Carn. 13.—
Adv.:
signātē ,
clearly,
distinctly (post-class.): “
qui (veteres) proprie atque signate locuti sunt,”
Gell. 2, 6, 6;
Macr. S. 6, 7.—
Comp.: “
signatius explicare aliquid,”
Amm. 23, 6, 1.
pendo
pendo , pĕpendi, pensum, 3 (pendissent, for pependissent, Liv. 45, 26 fin.:
I.“
penderit for pependerit,”
Paul. Nol. Carm. 14, 122), v. a. and n. etym. dub.; cf. root
σφαδ-, σφενδόνη, a sling; Lat. funda.—
Lit.,
to cause to hang down, to suspend; esp. of scales in weighing.
I. Act., to weigh, weigh out.
A. Lit. (very rare: syn. penso, expendo): unumquodque verbum staterā aurariā pendere, Varr. ap.
Non. 455, 21: da pensam lanam, Titin. ap.
Non. 369, 21;
Plin. 19, 3, 15, § 39, read repensum: aere gravi cum uterentur Romani, penso eo, non numerato debitum solvebant, Fest. s. v. pendere, p. 208 Müll.: “
pensas examinat herbas,”
Ov. M. 14, 270.—
2. Transf.,
to pay, pay out (because, in the earliest times, payments were made by weighing out the metals; v. in the preced. the passage from Fest.; “
class.): militis stipendia ideo, quod eam stipem pendebant,”
Varr. L. L. 5, § 182 Müll.: “
Achaei ingentem pecuniam pendunt L. Pisoni quotannis,”
Cic. Prov. Cons. 3, 5;
id. Att. 12, 25, 1: “
vectigal populo Romano,”
Caes. B. G. 5, 23: “
vectigal,”
Liv. 25, 8: “
tributum pro navibus,”
Tac. A. 13, 51: “
pretium,”
id. ib. 2, 87: “
coria boum in usus militares,”
id. ib. 4, 72: “
mercedem alicui,”
Juv. 3, 15.—
Absol.: “
pro pabulo pendunt,”
pay,
Plin. 12, 14, 32, § 65.—
Impers. pass.: “
iterumque imperii nostri publicanis penditur,”
Plin. 12, 14, 32, § 65.—As punishments consisted of fines in money or cattle: pendere poenas, supplicia, etc., signified
to pay,
suffer,
undergo a penalty: “
pendere poenas solvere significat,”
Fest. p. 268 Müll.: “
Syrus mihi tergo poenas pendet,”
Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6: “
maximas poenas pendo temeritatis meae,”
Cic. Att. 11, 8, 1: “
satis pro temeritate unius hominis suppliciorum pensum esse,”
Liv. 34, 61: “
capitis poenas,”
Ov. F. 3, 845: “
poenas violatae religionis sanguine et caedibus,”
Just. 8, 2, 4: “
magna supplicia perfidiae,”
id. 11, 4, 2: “
crimen, culpam,”
Val. Fl. 4, 477.—Rarely in this signif.
absol.,
to suffer any thing (
poet.): “
tuis nam pendit in arvis Delius,”
Val. Fl. 1, 445.—
B. Trop.
1. To weigh mentally, to ponder, consider, deliberate upon, decide (class.; “
syn.: pensito, trutinor): vos eam (rem) suo, non nominis pondere penditote,”
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1: “
in philosophiā res spectatur, non verba penduntur,”
id. Or. 16, 51: “
causam ex veritate,”
id. Quint. 1, 5: “
rem levi conjecturā,”
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 62.—
b. To value, esteem, regard a thing; with gen. of the value (mostly ante-class. and
poet.): “
neque cum me magni pendere visum'st,”
Plaut. Curc. 2, 2, 12: “
aliquem,”
Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 25: “
quem tu vidisse beatus Non magni pendis,”
Hor. S. 2, 4, 93: “
nec jam religio divum neque numina magni Pendebantur,”
Lucr. 6, 1277: “
unice unum plurimi pendit,”
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 29: “
te volturium vocant: Hostisne an civis comedis, parvi pendere,”
id. Trin. 1, 2, 64 sq.: “
nequam hominis ego parvi pendo gratiam,”
lightly esteem,
id. Bacch. 3, 6, 29; so, “
parvi,”
Ter. And. 3, 2, 46;
id. Heaut. 4, 3, 37;
id. Hec. 3, 5, 63: “
minoris pendo tergum illorum, quam meum,”
care less for,
Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 29: “
aliquem minoris,”
id. ib. 1, 3, 58: “
aliquem nihili,”
id. ib. 1, 3, 88: “
nihili,”
id. Men. 5, 7, 4;
id. Trin. 3, 1, 6;
Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 6; cf.: “
non flocci pendere,”
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 21: “
sese experturum, quanti sese penderem,”
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 44: “
tu illum numquam ostendisti quanti penderes,”
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 103.—
II. Neutr.,
to weigh (
poet. and in post-Aug. prose): “
tantundem pendere par est,”
Lucr. 1, 361: “
talentum ne minus pondo octoginta Romanis ponderibus pendat,”
Liv. 38, 38, 13;
Plin. 9, 15, 17, § 44;
id. 30, 48 fin., § 93;
id. 18, 7, 12, § 66;
id. 31, 6, 31, § 58 (in
Sen. Ep. 66, 30, read pendent).—Hence,
pensus , a, um, P. a., lit.
weighed; hence, trop.,
esteemed,
valued,
prized,
dear (as P. a. not in Cic. or Cæs.): “
utra condicio pensior, Virginemne an viduam habere?”
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 61: ut nihil quicquam esset carius pensiusque nobis quam nosmetipsi, Taurus ap.
Gell. 12, 5, 7.—Esp., as
subst.:
pensum , i, n.,
something weighed.
A. Weight,
consideration,
scruple,
importance, only in
gen. sing.: nihil pensi habere aliquid,
to lay no weight or
stress upon a thing,
to attach no value to,
be indifferent to,
care nothing about: “
sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, ... nihil pensi neque moderati habere,”
Sall. C. 12, 2: “
nihil pensi neque sancti habere,”
id. J. 41, 9: “
neque id quibus modis assequeretur, quicquam pensi habebat,”
id. C. 5, 6: “
prorsus neque dicere, neque facere quicquam pensi habebat,”
id. ib. 23, 2: “
nihil pensi habuit, quin, etc.,”
Suet. Dom. 12;
id. Ner. 34: “
ut neque fas neque fidem pensi haberet,”
Tac. A. 13, 15: aliquid ratum pensumque habere, Att. Capitol. ap.
Gell. 13, 12, 2. —So, non pensi ducere (very rare),
Val. Max. 2, 9, 3.—Also, non adest or est alicui pensi: nec mihi adest tantillum pensi jam, quos capiam calceos,
I don't care in the least,
am perfectly indifferent,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 52: “
sed illis nec quid dicerent, nec quid facerent, quicquam umquam pensi fuisse,”
they never cared at all,
Liv. 34, 49: “
quibus si quicquam pensi umquam fuisset, non ea consilia de republicā habuissent,”
if they had ever had regard for any considerations,
Sall. C. 52, 34. —
B. Prop., the wool weighed out to a slave to spin in a day; hence, a day's work in spinning, and, in gen., spinning, a spinner's task.
1. Lit. (mostly ante-class. and
poet.): “
pensum facere,”
Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 63;
id. Men. 5, 2, 45: “
nocturna carpentes pensa puellae,”
Verg. G. 1, 391: “
carmine quo captae dum fusis mollia pensa Devolvunt, etc.,”
id. ib. 4, 348: “
famulasque ad lumina longo Exercet penso,”
id. A. 8, 412;
Prop. 3, 15, (4, 14), 15: “
castrensia,” i. e.
for military garments,
id. 4 (5), 3, 33: “
pensa manu ducunt,”
Juv. 12, 65: “
lanificam revocas ad sua pensa manum,”
Ov. Am. 1, 13, 24;
id. H. 3, 75;
Just. 1, 3, 2.—
Poet.,
a thread spun by the Fates: “
durae peragunt pensa sorores,”
Sen. Herc. Fur. 181: “
jamque in fine dies et inexorabile pensum Deficit,”
Stat. S. 3, 3, 172: mortale resolvere,
to unbind his mortal thread, i. e.
to make him immortal,
Calp. Ecl. 4, 137.—
2. Trop.,
a charge,
duty,
office (so in Cic.; cf.: “
ministerium, munus, officium): pensum meum lepide accurabo,”
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 33; cf.: “
meum confeci,”
id. Pers. 2, 4, 1: “
absolvere,”
to perform one's duty,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2: “
me ad meum munus pensumque revocabo,”
Cic. de Or. 3, 30, 119;
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 46, § 109: “
nominis familiaeque,”
Liv. 4, 52: “
operis sui peragere,”
Col. 3, 10, 7.—Hence, adv.:
pensē ,
carefully,
considerately (post-class.): pensius, Flav. ap.
Symm. Ep. 2, 34.
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